Lecture 1

Question 1

Define language intervention (when does it occur)

Answer 1

Language intervention occurs when some intervention agent (clinician, teacher, parent) stimulates or responds to a child in a manner consciously designed to facilitate development in areas of communication at risk for impairment

Question 2

What are the 4 purposes of intervention?

Answer 2

1. change or eliminate the underlying problem2. change the disorder by teaching specific language behaviours3. Teach compensatory strategies rather than specific language behaviours4. Change the child’s environment (Often used in combination with one of purposes above)

Question 3

Why is it difficult to change/eliminate the underlying problem of a speech impairment? In which restricted circumstances is this possible?

Answer 3

Frequently we don’t know the underlying cause> is possible in children with hearing loss or cleft lip

Question 4

Which of the purposes is most often being used in intervention? In which cases is it most common and give an example of intervention using this purpose.

Answer 4

Changing the disorder > common in kids with SLI or developmental disordersex. teaching child to expand # of words and morphemes

Question 5

What are compensatory strategies? Give an example?

Answer 5

Teaching children metacognitive strategies to give them better tools to function ex. Using tactile cues to elicit the recall of phonetic/semantic features of the target word

Question 6

Using the example of improving narrative story telling abilities how would a clinician implement the different purposes of intervention (not including eliminating the underlying problem)

Answer 6

1. Change the disorder: teach child by acting out the story than having them retell it to deepen their understanding2. Use Compensatory strategies: Create a visual story map as a tool3. Change the environment: increase child’s exposure to story book reading (at home or at school), have lots of story books around

Question 7

What are the 3 ways in which intervention can change language behaviour?

Answer 7

1. Facilitation: rate of learning is accelerated such that child reaches milestones earlier then they would without it2. Maintenance: Preserve a behaviour that would otherwise decrease or disapear (ex. babbling in ASD kids)3. Induction: The endpoint will ONLY be achieved through intervention (I.e. sign language has to be taught)

Question 8

List the 3 main intervention approaches from most to least natural

Answer 8

1. Child centered2. Hybrid3. Clinician directed

Question 9

What are two types of child centered activities?

Answer 9

Daily activities, facilitated play

Question 10

What are 3 types of Hybrid therapy?

Answer 10

1. Milieu therapy2. Focused Stimulation3. Script therapy

Question 11

What are 2 examples of clinician directed therapy?

Answer 11

Drill play, CD modelling

Question 12

Which technique uses behaviourism techniques such as stimulus-response-reinforcement techniques?

Answer 12

Clinician directed

Question 13

What are 2 types of reinforcement?

Answer 13

Primary: food/rewardSecondary: social praise, or tokens that accumulate to get a prize

Question 14

Which of the intervention appraoches is best for a child with ASD?

Answer 14

Clinician-directed (ABI therapy)

Question 15

Which intervention technique has specific goals?

Answer 15

Clinician directed

Question 16

What are the 5 steps of clinician directed therapy

Answer 16

1. Clinician gives instructions in declarative form (Say what’s in the picture after I say it)2. Clinician presents stimulus “Big ball”3. Clinician waits for response4.Clinician presents reinforcement for correct response5. Feedback (including info on performance)

Question 17

What are 5 different CD prompts?

Answer 17

1. Prompt to immitate (Say “big ball”)2. Open prompt with blank (Big ___)3. Expansion request (Tell me more)4. Repetition requestion (Tell me again)5. Self correction request (did u say that right?)

Question 18

What are some advantages of CD

Answer 18

> efficient at producing new forms> unaturalness useful for child whos failed to learn the natural way> Good for children with lower IQs or severe disabilities

Question 19

DIsadvantages of CD

Answer 19

> Not effective in generalizing skill to natural environments

Question 20

What are the 5 steps of child centered approach?

Answer 20

1. Clinician waits for child to intiate play2. Follows child’s lead and present language models to match child’s interest3. Clinician strives for extended conversation 4. Clinician expands on child’s utterances5. Clinician does NOT use reinforcement (only intrinsic or social)

Question 21

Which theory of language acquisition is child directed therapy based on?

Answer 21

Social-interactionist theories of language aquisition

Question 22

Advantages of child directed?

Answer 22

> Useful for shy children> help children learn social interaction/conversation skills> learning generalizes to other contexts

Question 23

Disadvantages of Child directed

Answer 23

> Language learning may be slower> Children with lower IQ + sever disability may not benefit

Question 24

Under Hybrid therapy what is Milieu therapy

Answer 24

> Uses mini teaching sessions with stimulus response reinforcements> Embeds them in naturalistic interactions>Uses time delay, open prompt, choice prompt and say prompt

Question 25

advantages of hybrid

Answer 25

> useful for teaching two word utterences> learning generalizes well

Question 26

Disadvantage of hybrid?

Answer 26

> hasn’t been used to teach morphology or syntax> Hasn’t been used on children older than 3

Question 27

Under hybrid therapy what is Focused Stimulation?

Answer 27

> a receptive teaching appraoch> Includes specific goals that clinician repeats at least 3 times in brief interaction> Clinician may elicit the target using evocative techniques*** uses visual aids, action cues ect. NOT elicited imitation “Say ball”

Question 28

list 8 evocative techniques used in FS

Answer 28

1. pause and wait2. environemtnal manipulations3. feigned misunderstanding4. Requests for clarification5. Setting up a series6. use of scripts7. Forced choice questions8. Cloze procedures (fill in blank)

Question 29

What are the 7 key elements of focused stimulation?

Answer 29

1. Imitation not required, (it’s receptive - thru comprehension, so production is not even required to participate)2. High density of targets 3. Encourage child to initiate (motivating environment, labels, toys)4. Evocative techniques 5. Conversation 6. Measureing outcomes (count teaching moments and the child’s uptake - i.e. spontaneous productions7. Avoid immitation prompts , requests for correct production and verbal reinforcement (no good girl/boy)

Question 30

Define what it means to “Scaffold”

Answer 30

Clinician creates conditions to help child achieve a goal (indirect, NOT prompts)> aids that encourage participation

Question 31

What is an obligatory response?

Answer 31

The key part of an answered required to be correct.i.e. to the question “what is he doing” an appropriate response would be “he is jumping” but “he is” is not obligatory

Question 32

What is the technique “shaping”?

Answer 32

Responses can be built up from behaviours in the child’s repetoire

Question 33

What is the technique “Fading”?

Answer 33

Reinforcement schedule is slowly withdrawn

Question 34

What is recasting?

Answer 34

> reformating the childs utterance to include proper grammar (?)