Lecture 1 Flashcards
What are the three lines of immunological defence?
- First line (non specific)- Physical and chemical defences - Skin and mucous membranes
- Second line (non specific)- Antimicrobial proteins (interferons, complement, transferrins), macrophages, NK cells, neutrophils, non specific cellular response, fever, inflammation
- Third line (specific) - T cells (cell mediated immunity). B cells (humoral or antibody mediated immunity)
Five ways antibodies help destroy pathogens?
- Neutralising
- Immobilising
- Agglutination and precipitation
- Initiating the complement system
- Enhancing phagocytosis
What is immunological memory?
The ability of the immune system to quickly and specifically recognise an antigen in the body from a previous encounter, and initiating a corresponding immune response.
What is the benefit of immunological memory?
Faster and stronger response to antigen. Provides basis for vaccinations
Which is the only antibody capable of crossing the placenta to give passive immunity to the fetus?
IgG
Which is the most abundant antibody in the blood (80%), providing majority of antibody-based immunity?
IgG
Which antibody eliminates pathogens in the early stages of B cell-mediated (humoral) immunity before the is sufficient IgG?
IgM
Which antibody is expressed on the surface of B cells (monomer) and in a secreted form (pentamer) with very high avidity?
IgM
Which antibody represents only 0.2% of all antibodies?
IgD
Which antibody functions mainly as an antigen receptor on B cells that have not been expose to antigens?
IgD
Which antibody has been shown to activate basophils and mast cells to produce antimicrobial factors?
IgD
What antibody is found in mucosal areas such as the gut, respiratory tract, and urogenital tract, and prevents colonisation by pathogens? (also found in saliva, tears, and breast milk)
IgA
Which antibody represents only 0.01% (the least) of all antibodies?
IgE
Which antibody binds to allergens and triggers histamine release from mast cells and basophils, and is involved in allergies? (Also protects against parasitic worms)
IgE
Define condition
A state of being specifically in reference to physical or mental health and wellbeing.
Define syndrome
A set of symptoms occurring together resulting from a common cause or appearing in combination to present a clinical picture of a disease or inherited abnormality. E.g acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, Syndrome X
Define differential diagnosis
Determining the difference and establishing the presence of a particular disease by elimination or exclusion. Is dependent on signs, symptoms and physical/emotional assessment
Define aetiology
The study of all factors that may be involved in the development of a disease
Define pathogenesis
Development or sequence of events in a disease process
Define pathophysiology
The physiology of the disease process changing normal function
Define iatrogenic
Relating to illness caused by medical examination or treatment
Define idiopathic
Relating to or denoting any disease or condition which arises spontaneously or for which the cause is unknown.
