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Small Animal Medicine > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The mucociliary escalator clears dust/pathogens from which areas of the respiratory tract?

A

Trachea and Bronchi

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2
Q

Why does dust tend to settle in the terminal bronchioles?

A

There is a rapid decrease in air velocity in the terminal bronchioles, so dust tends to settle here!

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3
Q

Does the respiratory zone or the conducting zone have a greater surface area?

A

Respiratory zone

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4
Q

If the mucociliary escalator clears dust/debris from the trachea and bronchi, what clears debris from the respiratory zone (respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs)?

A

Macrophages clear debris out of the respiratory zone

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5
Q

What type of cell produces surfactant in the lungs?

A

Type II pneumocyte

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6
Q

What comprises the upper airway?

A

Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles

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7
Q

What comprises the lower airway?

A

Respiratory bronchioles and alveoli

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8
Q

Is the smooth muscle in the respiratory tract in the upper airway or the lower airway?

A

Upper air way. The bronchi and bronchioles are surrounded by smooth muscle.

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9
Q

What do normal bronchial sounds sound like?

A

Harsh, hollow, blowing

  • airflow through trachea/mainstem bronchi
  • loudest over trachea
  • both inspiratory and expiratory
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10
Q

What do normal vesicular sounds sound like?

A

Rustling

  • Airflow through lobar bronchi
  • Peripheral
  • Primarily inspiratory (can be hard to hear!)
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11
Q

Name 4 abnormal breath sounds.

A
  1. Crackles
  2. Wheezes
  3. Stertor
  4. Stridor

NOTE: 1 &2: typically heard w/ stethoscope on chest
3&4: more upper resp. issues, audible

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12
Q

What are “crackles”?

A

Discontinuous “popping” sounds

  • Cause: snapping open of small airways that have collapsed or accumulated fluid/debris
  • Timing: mostly INSPIRATORY
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13
Q

What are some differentials if you were to hear crackles?

A
  1. Pulmonary edema (cardiogenic vs. non-cardiogenic)
  2. Pneumonia (esp. aspiration)
  3. Fibrosis
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14
Q

What are wheezes?

A

A continuous, whistling musical sound (hear w/ stethoscope)

  • Cause: airflow through constricted or narrowed airways
  • Timing: EXPIRATORY
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15
Q

Wheezes: Differentials

A
  1. Lower airway inflammatory disease
    - Feline asthma/feline lower airway disease
    - Canine chronic bronchitis
  2. Anaphylactic reaction
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16
Q

Stertor?

A

Snoring, snorting, snuffling noise

  • Cause: upper airway obstruction of airflow due to excess tissue or secretions
  • Timing: VARIABLE (usually BOTH insp. and expir.)

Overtly audible sound, like snoring..

17
Q

Where does stertor sugges disease is localized to?

A

Stertor suggests disease is localized to the nasal cavity and/or nasopharynx
- anything filling nasal cavity or nasopharynx can cause stertor

18
Q

Stertor: differentials

A
  1. Brachycephalic syndrome
  2. Nasal congestion/infiltration
  3. Nasopharyngeal polyps
  4. Nasal/Nasopharyngeal neoplasia
  5. Inflammatory/infectious rhinitis
  6. Nasal/nasopharyngeal foreign body
19
Q

Stridor

A

Intense, high-pitched wheeze

  • Cause: extra-thoracic UPPER airway collapse and/or narrowing
  • Timing: virtually always INSPIRATORY (opposite of wheezes!)
  • Overtly audible sound
  • When stridor is present w/ choice change, suspect laryngeal involvement (ie. dog has less of a bark)
20
Q

Stidor: differentials

A
  1. Laryngeal paralysis
  2. Laryngeal collapse
  3. Tracheal collapse
  4. Laryngeal/tracheal obstruction
    - intraluminal (foreign body, mass)
    - Extraluminal (mass, soft tissue swelling)
21
Q

Dyspnea

A

Respiratory distress - labored breathing in response to:

  1. Hypoxemia
  2. Hypercapnia
22
Q

Top 4 localizations of Dyspnea

A
  1. Upper airway
  2. Lower airway
  3. Parenchymal
  4. Pleural space
23
Q

Dyspnea patterns

A
  1. Obstructive (inspiratory and expiratory)

2. Restrictive

24
Q

Obstructive Dyspnea

A

Obstruction of airway
- normal to increased respiratory rate
- increased depth of breathing (hyperpnea)
ITS LIKE A MAN UNDERWATER BREATHING THROUGH A STRAW

25
Q

Obstructive Inpiration

A

Slow, deep inhalation
+/- stridor

Due to a dynamic EXTRA-THORACIC obstruction
- tracheal or laryngeal obstruction (ie. laryngeal paralysis)

26
Q

Obstructive expiratory

A

Slow, prolonged expiration

  • Due to INTRA-THORACIC airway disease
    • large airway obstruction (intra-thoracic tracheal collapse)
    • small airway disease (bronchitis, feline asthma)
27
Q

Restrictive Dyspnea

A

Occurs due to disease process that restricts lung INFLATION
- increased respiratory rate
- variable depth, depending on disease state
Example: pleural space disease
PICTURE A BEAR SQUEEZING A MAN - RESTRICTIVE

28
Q

Does tachypnea equal panting?

A

NO.

29
Q

Normal resting respiratory rates

A

Canine: 18 - 34 brpm
Feline: 16 - 40 brpm

30
Q

Pulse Oximtry (SpO2)

A

Emits red and infrared lights
- Detector measures unabsorbed light
- Oxygenated blood ABSORBS infrared light
- Deoxygenated blood absorbs red light
Place on ear, lip, tongue, prepuce/vulva
- a dark pigmented animal may make it difficult to get a reading!

31
Q

Can the pulse ox differentiate between carboxyhemoglobin and monoxyhemoglobin from oxygenated hemoglobin?

A

NO!!!

32
Q

Oxygen supplementation?

A
  1. Hypoxemia
    • PaO2 < 80 mmHg
  2. Oxygen desaturation
    • SPO2 < 94%
  3. Respiratory distress/arrest
33
Q

FiO2 w/ intubaction

A

intubated FiO2 = 100% oxygen

34
Q

FiO2 w/ Oxygen Cage

A

FiO2 oxygen cage = 40-60%

  • takes time, expensive, isolation of animal
  • non-invasive and non-stressful

NOTE: at 60% we are have a risk of explosion.. Start at 40%

35
Q

Nasal Oxygen FiO2

A

Nasal oxygen FiO2 = 40-50%
- quite effective; place in ventral nasal meatus

Pros = good for large dogs; easy to care for patient
Cons = uncomfortable, nasal bleeding (not good in thrombocytopenic patients), inadvertent removal
36
Q

Face mask FiO2

A

Face mask FiO2 = 50%
- very practical if it’s NOT long term

Pros = convenient
Cons = need tight seal, can be stressful
37
Q

Hood oxygen FiO2

A

Hood oxygen FiO2 = 40-60%

Pros = easy and economical (saran wrap the front of an E-collar)
Cons = gets hot/humid, variable FiO2, may need sedation
38
Q

Flow-by-oxygen FiO2

A

Flow-by-oxygen FiO2 = ~30-40%
- hold tube 2-4 cm from nose

Pros = easy, convenient
Cons = high flow rates (waste), not long-term solution

Small Animal Medicine (31 decks)

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