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Small Animal Medicine > Exam 6: Neuro > Flashcards

Exam 6: Neuro Flashcards

1
Q

Most critical part of clinical neurology

A

neuroanatomic diagnosis

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2
Q

No conscious proprioception in pelvic limb, no voluntary movement of pelvic limb, but normal patellar and withdrawal reflexes, thoracic limbs normal: which spinal cord segments?

A

T3 - L3 spinal segments

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3
Q

Acute Spinal Diseases: most common causes

A
  1. Trauma (external)
  2. Neoplasia
  3. Myelitis/meningitis
  4. Intervertebral Disk Disease
  5. Vascular
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4
Q

Don’t forget…

A

Look where you localize!!!

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5
Q

Things to note when considering neurological abnormalities:

A

Look for abnormalities of:

  1. Posture
  2. Appearance
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6
Q

What is a hyperkeratotic pad (“Hard Pad”) associated with?

A

Distemper has been associated w/ hyperkeratotic pad

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7
Q

Physiological causes of Muscle Atrophy

A
  1. Disuse (takes time, usually bilateral)
  2. Neurogenic (can be acute; 3-5 days after damage to a nerve)
  3. Primary myopathic
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8
Q

Paraspinal Muscle Atrophy

A

Often caused by discospondylitis

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9
Q

asymmetry of face

A

1) palpebral fissure differences
2) nasal filtrum deviation
(cranial nerve seven-facial nerve controls this)

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10
Q

opisthotinus

A

spasm of the muscles causing backward arching of the head, neck, and spine, as in severe tetanus, some kinds of meningitis, and strychnine poisoning.

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11
Q

Decerebrate rigidity

A

1) opisthotinus
2) extensor rigidity
3) stupor or coma

PATHOGNOMONIC for disease in the midbrain

CLINICAL signs suggest location, not specific disease

(cerebellar disease can look like this but they remain conscious since cerebellum doesn’t involve consciousness. They may do extensor movements intermittently.)

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12
Q

Decerebrate rigidity

A

Pathognomonic for MIDBRAIN LESION

  • rare for animals to recover at this point
  • could be heartworm thrombosis, Toxoplasma, FIP
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13
Q

Postural abnormalities

A

extended or flexed!!

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14
Q

Remember: decerebrate rigidity

A

Is pathognomonic for midbrain lesion!

But remember tetanus can also look like this. You would want to look immediately for a wound.

But remember spinal cord disease may also disrupt balance between flexors and extensors (i.e. cervical disc problem)

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15
Q

Muscle fibrosis ==> contraction

A

We can see extensor problems with damage to muscle (i.e. femoral fracture causing fibrosis of quadriceps)

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16
Q

Cushing’s disease and heavily muscled?

A

Being heavily muscled may cause a stiff stilted short and choppy gait, which is an extensor posture and gait. (Cushing’s disease may cause heavy muscling)

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17
Q

Shiff-Sherrington Posture

A

1) usually occurs with acute lesions in thoracolumbar area (i.e. fracture of T13-L1 area)
2) front limbs extended, pelvic limbs neutral or slightly flexed (not actively)

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18
Q

Extended Postures

A

1) neurologic disease (usually central)
2) muscle (skeletal?)

(Also consider tetanus)

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19
Q

Gastrocnemius muscle

A

Extends hock and is innervated by the sciatic nerve
-may see over flexion of the hock when something is wrong with the gastrocnemius muscle or the sciatic nerve (note if flexion is when they put weight on the limb or not weight on the limb)

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20
Q

Problem with gastrocnemius tendon

A

1) the superficial digital flexor tendon may be allowed to over-tense the toes
- the toes may be knuckled under and you may see over flexion of the hock at weight-bearing

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21
Q

Gastrocnemius tendon rupture

A

1) superficial digital flexor over-flexes

- causes knuckling of toes

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22
Q

Cranial tibial muscle

A

1) flexes the hock
2) is innervated by the sciatic nerve
3) it’s not common to get nerve avulsion with this muscle group

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23
Q

Decreased tone in the pelvic limb

A

1) indicates damage more likely is present in peripheral nerves
2) sciatic nerve arises from L6, L7, S1, and maybe S2

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24
Q

Fibrotic myopathy

A 
PATHOGNOMONIC GAIT (it's like the only one in vet med neuro!)
-The hock turns inward at the height of its elevation

1) semimemnranosus, semitendinosus, and sometimes gracilis muscles become fibrotic and prevent normal movement of the limb
2) German shepherds are over-represented with this disease
3) it’s musculoskeletal disease!! It’s not neurologic disease
4) it likely occurred due to damage of the muscle

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25
Q

Flexed limb postures (when on the ground)

A

1) neurologic disease (peripheral)

2) muscle (skeletal?)

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26
Q

Flexed limb postures

A

1) most common pathophysiologic cause: PAIN

2) flexed limb postures are traditionally called “nerve root signature”

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27
Q

If the pelvic limb is affected

A

DO A RECTAL EXAM

-check for masses etc.

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28
Q

Flexed limb postures (non-weightbearing)

A

1) PAIN-most common pathophysiologic cause, arising from a structure around the leg
2) neurologic?
3) musculoskeletal?

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29
Q

Ataxia

A

Lack of an axis

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30
Q

Scoliosis

A

1) posture of the spine: SIDEWAYS curvature of spine
2) often associated with nervous system problem
- often is in innervation problem to paraspinal muscles, which leads to bone problems in the developing adolescent

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31
Q

Syringomyelia

A

1) a chronic progressive disease in which longitudinal cavities form in the cervical region of the spinal cord. This characteristically results in wasting of the muscles and a loss of sensation
2) the Cavalier King Charles spaniel have this disease very, very commonly-they are the poster child for this disease!!

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32
Q

Kyphosis

A

refers to an exaggerated rounding of the back

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33
Q

Ventral neck flexion in the

A

It is associated with a variety of diseases:
1 electrolyte (potassium) abnormalities
2) hyperthyroidism
3) thiamine deficiencies
4) myasthenia gravis
5) organophosphate toxicities (they also often assume a praying position)
6) a number of other causes..

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34
Q

Short and choppy gait

A

Usually means one of two things:

1) they are painful
2) they have weakness

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35
Q

What is the tragic facial expression often associated with?

A

HYPOTHYROIDISM

-often due to muscle weakness

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36
Q

Cranial cruciate ligament rupture

A

May also cause over-flexion of the stifle

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37
Q

lordosis

A

Is commonly seen, but usually this is a wasting muscle weakness

1) often associated with Cushing’s disease (hyperadrenocorticiscm)
2) not usually associated with pain

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38
Q

Patient keeping their head down?

A

It usually indicates there’s pain somewhere (dogs with cervical pain often present with a codified posture and thoracic lumbar area)

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39
Q

Flexure posture with no weight-bearing

A

Often associated with pain

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40
Q

Flexor posture with weight-bearing

A

Often associated with musculoskeletal issue

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41
Q

Extensor posture

A

CNS problem and/or fibrosis of muscle

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42
Q

Head tilt

A

Vestibular or cerebellar problem

43
Q

Vestibular or cerebellar problem

A

Head tilt

-head tilt doesn’t tell you if it’s a central problem or a peripheral problem!!

44
Q

Gravity

A

When the central nervous system can’t compensate for gravity, we see clinical signs
-normally the vestibular system is taking care of gravity’s effect on the body

45
Q

Head turn

A

1) usually associated with an issue in the brain (usually in the cortex)
2) usually the head turns TOWARD the side of the lesion

46
Q

Head tilt

A

Vestibular or cerebellar issue

47
Q

Head turn

A

Intracranial issue

48
Q

Circling

A

Can be a vestibular problem or can be a cortical problem (sort of like a head turned in action)
-usually is nervous system problem

49
Q

Which eye is normal?

A

Dogs and cats tend to follow the bridge of the nose-the eye that DOESN’T follow the bridge of nose, is abnormal
-strabismus (misalignment of the eyes)

50
Q

Proprioceptive deficits in both thoracic and pelvic limbs

A

This is likely a central nervous system issue

51
Q

Positional strabismus

A

The problem is on the SAME side as the eye deviation

52
Q

Suspect a structural problem?

A

Then you must perform a test that analyzes structure!

-I.e. imaging study

53
Q

Strabismus

A

Disorder in which the eyes don’t look in exactly the same direction at the same time

54
Q

Nystagmus

A

One or both eyes moves quickly, then slowly, then quickly, then slowly

  • nystagmus can be horizontal or vertical
  • this is the CNS resetting the eyes to their normal position after they drift off
55
Q

Eye tremor

A

One or both eyes moves quickly back and forth

56
Q

Horizontal nystagmus

A

Can be a CNS or a peripheral nervous system problem

57
Q

Vertical nystagmus

A

Usually more associated with the central nervous system problem (i.e. vestibular)

58
Q

Remember

A

Clinical signs are NOT pathognomonic for disease, but they help tell you where disease is occurring

often if you put these animals in odd positions (i.e. on back) they may show their nystagmus (if normal they should NOT have nystagmus no matter their position)

59
Q

Metronidazole toxicity

A

One of the main side effects of metronidazole is that it can be toxic to the VESTIBULAR SYSTEM!!!

  • The sooner that you recognize it, the sooner they can be taken off of metronidazole and the more likely signs will resolve (there are animals that can die from this
  • bottom line is, ANY dose of metronidazole CAN be toxic
  • it’s metabolized by the liver, so if liver is dysfunctional it can be toxic (be wary of giving it in a patient with a PSS)
60
Q

Menace response

A

Tests integration of vision

61
Q

Anisocoria

A

Pupils of different sizes

62
Q

Pupil innervation

A

1) parasympathetic through cranial nerve 3 stimulates pupil to constrict
2) sympathetic dilates the pupil

63
Q

Ptosis

A

Droopy eyelid

64
Q

Miosis

A

Constriction of the pupil (sympathetic problem)

65
Q

Mydriasis

A

Dilated pupil (parasympathetic problem)

66
Q

Cranial nerves 3, 4, and 6

A

The cranial nerves are important for keeping the eye in normal position

67
Q

Eye deviated laterally

A

Due to lack of normal muscle tone opposite to the direction the eye is deviating towards(cranial nerve 3 problem-it innervates muscle on the medial aspect of the eye, if damaged eye is pulled lateraly)

68
Q

Lateral deviation of the eye?

A

Cranial nerve 3 issue

69
Q

Medial deviation of the eye?

A

Cranial nerve 6 problem-it relates the lateral rectus muscle

70
Q

Rotation of the I?

A

Cranial nerve 4 problem-it innervates the dorsal oblique muscle

71
Q

Cross eyed cat?

A

Common characteristic of Siamese cats, but not “normal”

72
Q

Horner’s syndrome

A

1) sympathetic problem with the eye: miotic pupil, prolapse of third eyelid, enopthalmus
2) cattle sympathetic problem with the eye, they may also show dryness of the muzzle on that side of the face
3) horses: they may sweat on the side of the neck that their eye has sympathetic issues with
4) Most Common Thing You See Clinically with Sympathetic Denervation of the Eye Is Miotic Pupil

73
Q

Sympathetic innervation to pupil

A

Remember that it travels down the neck before running back up towards the eye
-so it could be damaged near the brain, cervical spine, near the ear, or near the eye, and cause clinical signs in the eye

74
Q

Palpebral reflex

A

Involves cranial nerve 5 and 7
-cranial nerve 7 (i.e. facial nerve) also innervates the facial muscles and ocularis muscle around the eye that closes the palpebral fissure

75
Q

Facial nerve paralysis?

A

Then you can’t close the palpebral feature!

76
Q

Cranial nerve 5 (trigeminal)

A

Innervates the muscles of mastication

77
Q

Muzzle deviation in the horse

A

1) normal muscle, with lacking innervation to opposing muscle on the opposite side of the face, causes muzzle deviation
2) deviation is away from the side of the lesion

78
Q

Muzzle deviation in the dog

A

1) deviation of the filtrum*-the filtrum points TOWARDS side of the problem!
- Muscles are not as strong as in the horse
2) it could be a chronic fibrosis problem and muscles are stuck in that position, OR it is a hemi-facial spasm
- there is no way to separate these except by blocking the facial nerve and if it goes away it’s a hemi-facial spasm

79
Q

Temporalis muscle

A

1) innervated by cranial nerve 5-mandibular branch (trigeminal nerve)
2) if the temporalis muscle decreases in size, there appears a divot on the top of the dogs head

80
Q

What are the pathophysiological causes of muscle atrophy?

A

1) disuse
2) neurogenic
3) primary myopathic

Very Acute Muscle Atrophy Is Usually NEUROGENIC (but, don’t rule out a neoplastic cause)

81
Q

Muscle atrophy clues..

A

1) is it localized?

2) is it generalized?

82
Q

Cranial nerve 5

A

1) it also innervates the cornea sensory
- potential for decreased tearing (cranial nerve 7 also involved with tearing)
- the cornea needs innervation from cranial nerve 5 to maintain integrity
- without cranial nerve 5 the cornea may get ulcerated

you may see a crusty nose on the same side as corneal ulcer due to cranial nerve 5 or 7 nerve damage

83
Q

Cranial nerve 5-mandibular branch

A

Bilateral damage may allow the jaw to hang open!

84
Q

Menace response

A

Cranial nerve 2 and 7

85
Q

Palpebral response

A

Cranial nerve 5 and 7

86
Q

Most common tumor in the dog brain

A

Meningioma

87
Q

Lateral deviation of the tongue?

A

1) it may be due to atrophied muscle (disuse, neurogenic, primary myopathic)
- cranial nerve 12 ==> Hypoglossal

88
Q

Look for abnormalities of:

A

1) movement

2) posture

89
Q

Body systems necessary for movement

A

1) musculoskeletal
2) cardiopulmonary
3) nervous system
4) metabolic

90
Q

Inter-step distance

A

When both pelvic or thoracic limbs are on the ground, what’s the difference (length) between the two
-i.e. both pelvic limbs compared, or both thoracic limbs compared

91
Q

Remember

A

Think pathophysiologically, not etiologically!

92
Q

Dysfunction of what body systems is associated with abnormalities?

A

Neurologic?
Musculoskeletal?
Cardiopulmonary/vascular
General metabolic?

93
Q

UMN

A

Central nervous system controlling disease

94
Q

LMN

A

Peripheral nervous system disease

95
Q

Hypermetria

A

Exaggerated flexion

96
Q

Is it more or less?

A

I.e. height, overstep, side to side movement

-atrial fibrillation of gait is almost always associated with a CNS problem

97
Q

More - over movements usually…

A

= central nervous system disease (UMN disease)***

98
Q

Irregular foot fall pattern is usually…

A

Central nervous system disease (UMN disease)

99
Q

Cerebellum

A

Does not involve conscious thought

100
Q

More extension or more flexion during flight…

A

Usually associated with central nervous system disease (UMN disease)

101
Q

Degenerative cerebellar problem

A
  1. ) More

2. ) Common in Brittany spaniel’s

102
Q

Sensory neuropathy

A

This may also sometimes cause MORE… Sensory problem only (i.e. conscious proprioception deficit)

103
Q

All 4 limbs have MORE?

A

Suspect CNS/UMN - look cervically or intracranially

Small Animal Medicine (31 decks)

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