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Mol Biochem > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Dna polymerase function

A

replicate dna

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2
Q

enzymes

A

catalyze rxns

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3
Q

hormones

A

regulate

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4
Q

rna poymerase function

A

transcription

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5
Q

template of transcription

A

mrna

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6
Q

trna function

A

transfer aas to ribosome for incorporation into protein. deciphers genetic code found in tmplate

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7
Q

rRna function

A

structural component in ribosomes

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8
Q

three major forms of rna

A

m t r

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9
Q

central dogma

A

dna to rna to proteins

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10
Q

retrovirus and central dogma

A

**

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11
Q

pathogenic rna viruses

A

polio, measles, sars, influenza

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12
Q

rna dependent rna polymerase

A

rna as template to produce more rna (used by pathogenic rna viruses)

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13
Q

rna bacteriophages

A

f2, ms2, r17s, qbeta

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14
Q

exceptions to central dogma (3)

A

retroviruses, pathogenic rna viruses, bacteriophages

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15
Q

bacterial single chromosome structure

A

circular dsDNA

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16
Q

plasmids in bacteria produce (3+)

A

inactivation of antibiotics, produce toxins, matabolism

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17
Q

ER

A

processs for secretion

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18
Q

lysosome function

A

degradation of macromolecuels

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19
Q

> 99% of DNA in ?. rest in ?

A

nucleus. mitochondria

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20
Q

nuclear dna structure

A

linear ds DNA

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21
Q

two types nuc dna

A

genes/related dna and non genes (intergenic)

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22
Q

three types of genes

A

single copy (25%), multiple copy (3%), pseudo

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23
Q

single copy types

A

exons(1%, info content), intorns (24%, noninformational, have function ie microrna)

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24
Q

multiple copy gene types

A

proteins, tRNA coding, rRNA coding

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25
Q

pseudogene (two properties)**

A

nonfunctional (does not produce protein), sequence homology

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26
Q

nongenes

A

non coding dna. helps align chromosmes during mitosis

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27
Q

types of nongenes

A

repetitive dna and noncoding dna

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28
Q

lack of telomeres result

A

fusion, degradation

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29
Q

fusion

A

2 chromosomes side by side, with doublestranded break. dna repair (nat process for recovering ds break), fuses chromosomes

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30
Q

degradation

A

tips unstable. single stranded ends (fray), exonucleases, chew up ss dna regions

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31
Q

telomeres

A

a complex. refers to repetitive dna at tips and proteins that bind the repetitive tips

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32
Q

function of telomeres

A

prevents degradation of tips of dna prone to fray

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33
Q

enhance or repress expression by dinding to regulatory genes

A

*

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34
Q

disease associated with repetitive dna (microsatellite dna)

A

huntington,s fragile x friedrich’s ataxia

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35
Q

huntingtons

A

CAG repeat in exon 1 of the hd gene. normal 6-35, abnormal 36-121

36
Q

fragile x *

A

*

37
Q

methylation of a gc rich region tends to ?

A

turn off genes

38
Q

approximate protein coding genenes in human

A

20,000

39
Q

approximate pseuogenes

A

11,000. evolutionarily deactivated

40
Q

mitochondrial dna codes for ?

A

2 rnas, 22 trnas , 13 proteins

41
Q

function of mito proteins

A

7 subunits of nadh-coq reductase, 3 subunits of cyt oxidase, 1 subunit of cyt bc1 complex, 2 subunits af atp synthase

42
Q

uracil is replaced by ? in DNA

A

thymine

43
Q

know pyrimidine and purine structure

A

**

44
Q

modification of bases occurs when?

A

after incorporation into polynucleotide

45
Q

know how modifications of bases effect expression

A

**

46
Q

lactam vs lactim

A

*

47
Q

function of double lactam

A

proper base pairing

48
Q

function of double lactim

A

*

49
Q

amino vs imino

A

imino disrupts base pairing

50
Q

results of deprotonation/protonation of bases

A

disrupts base pairing

51
Q

nucleoside

A

base + sugar

52
Q

bond between sugar and phosphate

A

phosphoester

53
Q

know nucleotide and nucleic acid nomenclature

A

*

54
Q

can only base pair in syn/anti

A

anti

55
Q

types of single copy genes

A

exons (mRNA), introns (microRNAs)

56
Q

types of multiple copy genes

A

mRNA that encodes histones and ribosomal proteins, tRNA, rRNA

57
Q

pseudogene

A

homology and nofunctionality compared to gene. some error in either transcription, pre-mRNA processing, translation or folding

58
Q

functions of plasmids in bacteria

A

inactivation of antibiotics, production of toxins, metabolism etc

59
Q

nongenes are either repetitive dna or noncoding dna. what is repetitive dna?

A

centromeres (location of spindle attachment on chromosome), telomeres (repetitive dna on end of chromosomes), disperesed (repeitive dna)

60
Q

types of repetitive dna

A

dispersed, terminal, tandem

61
Q

dispersed repetitve dna

A

copies of transposable elements ( DNA sequence that can change its position within a genome, sometimes creating or reversing mutations). ie microsattelites

62
Q

cause of huntingtons disease

A

extended CAG repeat in exon 1 of HD genes (35 bad)

63
Q

cause of fragile X (mental retardation 1 gene)

A

CGG repeat in noncoding region of FMR1 (60 bad)

64
Q

friedreich’s ataxia cause

A

GAA repeat in intron 1 of FXN gene (34 bad)

65
Q

nongenes are either repetitive dna or noncoding dna. what is noncoding dna?

A

DNA that do not encode protein sequences (some def include rRNA and tRNA) including intergenic (acts to control genes nearby). acts to regulate gene expression and chromosome structure

66
Q

structural of mitochondrial dna

A

ds circular

67
Q

compartments of mitochondria

A

intermembrane space and matrix

68
Q

bond between nucleic acids

A

3-5 phosphodiester bonds

69
Q

whne does z-dna form

A

when alternating GC base pairs with cytosine methylated

70
Q

keto enol tautomorization of pyrimidines

A

lactam when no hydroxyl groups formed (only ketones) and dominates at ph &. lactim when 2 ketone is in enol form. double lactim forms at even lower ph.

71
Q

keto enol tautomorization of purines

A

adenine can form an enol (lactim) at decreased pH. adenine has no keto group.

72
Q

amino-imino tatomerization

A

amino groups of cytosine, guanine and adenine can form imino groups

73
Q

location of nucleic acid attachments to bases

A

N9 form purines and N1 for pyrimidines

74
Q

bond between nucleic acid (or nucleoside) and sugar

A

N-glycosidic between N1 on pyrmimides or N9 on purines and 1 OH of sugar

75
Q

bond between sugar and alpha phosphate

A

phosphoester from 5 C of sugar

76
Q

dominant forms of ribose and deoxyribose in Rna and Dna

A

Beta-D-furanose and beta-2’-deoxy-furanose

77
Q

straight chain form of sugars found in solution is a ?

A

aldehyde

78
Q

puckered ring sugar conformation in B-dna

A

2’-endo

79
Q

puckered ring conformation in A-DNA and RNA

A

3’ endo

80
Q

dominant conformers of nucleosides (orientation of nucleic acid with respect to sugar)

A

pyrimidines are always anti (where purine ring is not above ribose). purines are mostly anti.

81
Q

names of ribonucleosides

A

(deoxy- if dna) adenosine, guanosine, cytidine, thymidine, and uridine.

82
Q

names of ribonucleotides

A

adenylate, guanylate, cytidylate, thymidylate, uridylate

83
Q

wavelength most commonly used to measure absorption of mixtures of nucleotieds

A

260nm

84
Q

extinction ceof for ds dna

A

1/50 ug/ml

85
Q

extinction coef for ss rna or dna

A

1/40 ug/ml

86
Q

hyperchromic shift (effect)

A

increase in absorption at 260nm as bases unpair

Mol Biochem (6 decks)

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