Lecture 1 Flashcards
Explain the anatomy and physiology of the circulatory system
Heart is composed of cardiac tissue, arteries carry oxygenated blood away from heart, veins carry oxygen poor blood to heart. THIS IS OPPOSITE IN PULMONARY CIRCULATION.
Lungs and intestine add material to blood.
Kidneys and liver remove material from blood.
Define and explain the circulatory system.
System that circulates blood and lymph through body.
Composed of blood vessels, blood, lymph, and lymphatic vessel and glands.
Define varices.
Varices are engorged vessels d/t blood back up.
Explain how varices are formed in relation to impaired circulation through the hepatic system.
The engorged vessels dilate and expand, Varices can become thin and rupture.
Explain the relationship of the lymphatic system and the vascular system.
The lymphatic system runs w/the vascular system.
Lymphatic vessels carry lymph directionally towards the heart, lymph vessels empty into lymphatic ducts which drain into either subclavian vein near their junction with the internal jugular vein.
Remember the vascular system has a little more leakage than take-up.
Explain the normal anatomy and physiology of the heart including vasculature, valves, and chambers.
Superior/inferior vena cava -> RA -> tricuspid valve -> RV -> pulmonary valve -> pulmonary artery -> lungs -> pulmonary vien -> LA -> mitral (bicuspid) valve -> LV -> aortic valve -> aorta
Pulmonary hypertension can ________ the heart.
elongate
What happens at diastole and systole?
Systole - ventricle contraction, atrial relaxation.
Diastole - ventricle relaxation, atrial contraction.
Name the coronary arteries.
Left main coronary artery Left anterior descending artery Circumflex artery Right coronary artery Posterior descending artery
Explain how coronary blood flows in the heart of a healthy adult.
Systole/contraction - coronary aa squeezed resulting in reduced blood profusion.
Diastole/relaxation - coronary aa relaxed resulting in perfused myocardium.
*This is influenced by the AUTONOMIC nervous system.
Explain general area each coronary artery supplies blood to.
Left main - bifurcates within 2-10 mm in to left anterior descending and circumflex.
Left anterior descending - anterior left ventricle, anterior intraventricular septum and adjacent right ventricle.
Circumflex - left atrium, lateral and inferior wall of left ventricle.
Right coronary - Right atrium, SA node, posterior right ventricle, AV node, bundle of His, serves as origin of posterior descending for most people.
Posterior descending - posterior intraventricular septum, at least half of the inferior left ventricle.
Summarize venous return to the R side of heart.
approx. 2/3 of total blood volume stored in venus vasculature.
Pressure difference in vasculature in most distal venules and most proximal to R side of heart drive blood back to heart.
Skeletal muscle pumps blood through one way valves in veins.
Systemic nerve fibers stimulate small muscle cell contractions in veins.
Pressure between thoracic and abdominal cavities promotes blood flow.
Right side of heart is controlled by what?
venous blood flow
Explain nervous innervation to the heart.
Parasympathetic (decrease HR) and sympathetic (increase HR) innervation, regulated by medulla and hypothalamus.
SA node is natural pacemaker of heart and sends impulses through atria for contractions.
AV node (in low RA) sends impulses through nerve network to ventricles, initiating contractions.
Explain aging to the cardiovascular system.
Blood vessels lose elasticity, blood pressure rises.
L ventricle becomes more hypertrophied and less compliment, heart valve becomes more thickened and calcified, may have changes in conduction system (arrhythmias), baroreceptors are less sensitive, adrenergic responsiveness declines - lower exercise/max heart rates, changes in myocardial cells - effect end diastolic volumes and contractions.