Lecture 1 Flashcards
What did the history of human genetics contain?
- prescientific knowledge about inheritance in humans and livestock existed since ancient time
- detailed pedigrees for livestock and human royal families thousands of years ago.
- greek philosophers theories
- hippocrates
- darwin
- microscopy and debate between spermatists versus ousts
- mendel’s model
- fisher
What did greek philosophers propose?
-proposed theories of inheritance pythagons founded the ovist doctrine
What did hippocrates believe?
-believed semen contained the seed of new human. Woman’s contribution to nurture
What did darwin do?
Incorrectly formulated a theory blending inheritance and proposed a model with “discrete” units of inheritance(genes) from each parent.
What does fisher prove?
Blending inheritance theory would reduce genetic variation by 1/2 each generation
1988:
Cystic Fibrosis gene mapped by linkage analysis using RFLP markers and later cloned
1990:
First human gene therapy experiment
NIH formally launched Human Genome Project
1997:
First human chromosome completely sequenced (chrom. 22–>second smallest chromosome)
Genetics
The study of inherited traits and their variation.
2000:
Single human genome
-NIH & Celera corporation jointly announced “working draft” of human genome sequence
2005:
Variations of chromosomes
- Phase 1 of HapMap project completed(Phase 2=2007)
- 1st massively parallel high-throughput DNA sequencers are marketed
2007:
1st complete individual genome sequences published (Craig Vneter and James Watson)
2008:
International Consortium launches 1000 genomes project
Levels of Biological Organization
Atom-Molecule-Macromolecule-organelle-cell-tissue-organ-organ system-organism
What becomes specialized and forms tissues?
cells
What comes together to form organs?
tissues
Is Y or X smaller?
Y
DNA
double stranded
back bone made up by sugar, bonded to phosphate bond
RNA
single stranded
Central Dogma
replication, transcription, translation
What is it called when specific genes vary between individuals?
alleles
How are alleles altered?
Alleles that are inherited from parents may be altered in children via mutations
T or F: Mutations have a visible effect on the phenotype.
May or may not
T or F: Mutations in sperm or egg cells are passed onto next generation.
True
T or F: Somatic cell mutation transfers to children.
False
Gene
unit of heredity in a living organism. They tell cells how to manufacture certain proteins.
