Lecture 1

Question 1

What did the history of human genetics contain?

Answer 1

• prescientific knowledge about inheritance in humans and livestock existed since ancient time
• detailed pedigrees for livestock and human royal families thousands of years ago.
• greek philosophers theories
• hippocrates
• darwin
• microscopy and debate between spermatists versus ousts
• mendel’s model
• fisher

Question 2

What did greek philosophers propose?

Answer 2

-proposed theories of inheritance pythagons founded the ovist doctrine

Question 3

What did hippocrates believe?

Answer 3

-believed semen contained the seed of new human. Woman’s contribution to nurture

Question 4

What did darwin do?

Answer 4

Incorrectly formulated a theory blending inheritance and proposed a model with “discrete” units of inheritance(genes) from each parent.

Question 5

What does fisher prove?

Answer 5

Blending inheritance theory would reduce genetic variation by 1/2 each generation

Question 6

1988:

Answer 6

Cystic Fibrosis gene mapped by linkage analysis using RFLP markers and later cloned

Question 7

1990:

Answer 7

First human gene therapy experiment

NIH formally launched Human Genome Project

Question 8

1997:

Answer 8

First human chromosome completely sequenced (chrom. 22–>second smallest chromosome)

Question 9

Genetics

Answer 9

The study of inherited traits and their variation.

Question 10

2000:

Answer 10

Single human genome

-NIH & Celera corporation jointly announced “working draft” of human genome sequence

Question 11

2005:

Answer 11

Variations of chromosomes

• Phase 1 of HapMap project completed(Phase 2=2007)
• 1st massively parallel high-throughput DNA sequencers are marketed

Question 12

2007:

Answer 12

1st complete individual genome sequences published (Craig Vneter and James Watson)

Question 13

2008:

Answer 13

International Consortium launches 1000 genomes project

Question 14

Levels of Biological Organization

Answer 14

Atom-Molecule-Macromolecule-organelle-cell-tissue-organ-organ system-organism

Question 15

What becomes specialized and forms tissues?

Answer 15

cells

Question 16

What comes together to form organs?

Answer 16

tissues

Question 17

Is Y or X smaller?

Answer 17

Y

Question 18

DNA

Answer 18

double stranded

back bone made up by sugar, bonded to phosphate bond

Question 19

RNA

Answer 19

single stranded

Question 20

Central Dogma

Answer 20

replication, transcription, translation

Question 21

What is it called when specific genes vary between individuals?

Answer 21

alleles

Question 22

How are alleles altered?

Answer 22

Alleles that are inherited from parents may be altered in children via mutations

Question 23

T or F: Mutations have a visible effect on the phenotype.

Answer 23

May or may not

Question 24

T or F: Mutations in sperm or egg cells are passed onto next generation.

Answer 24

True

Question 25

T or F: Somatic cell mutation transfers to children.

Answer 25

False

Question 26

Gene

Answer 26

unit of heredity in a living organism. They tell cells how to manufacture certain proteins.