Lecture 1

Question 1

Five Essential Characteristics of All Living Cells

Answer 1

1) Bounded by a lipid-rich membrane
2) Capable of autonomous replication
3) Capable of synthesizing proteins
4) Capable of regulated metabolic activity
5) Contains nucleic acid capable of passing down one complete copy of the genome

Question 2

Human Genome Project

Answer 2

23,000 human genes

5,000 have KNOWN functions

Question 3

RNA

Answer 3

The machinery of protein synthesis is conserved among all cells through RNA

Question 4

What Established the Three Domain Model

Answer 4

The three domain model emerged primarily from studies of sequences of non-coding RNA molecules. The lack of translation.

Question 5

Non-Coding RNA

Answer 5

Functional RNA molecules that do not code or get translated into protein

Question 6

Which of the three Domains shows the highest level of biochemical diversity

Answer 6

Prokaryotes (eubacteria)

• Aerobic, Anaerobic
• Able to inhabit a large range of environments
• Able to sustain themselves from inorganic materials
• Unicellular or multicellular clusters

Question 7

What are the three components of the cytoskeleton

Answer 7

-Actin, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments

Question 8

What is the main function of actin in the cell?

Answer 8

Cell Motility and Cell shape

Question 9

What is the main function of intermediate filaments in the cell

Answer 9

Mechanical support

Question 10

What is the main function of Microtubules in the cell

Answer 10

The form “tracks” that aid the the cellular transport of organelles and vesicles. Play a major role in mitosis. Forms the centrioles

Question 11

What does the nucleus do

Answer 11

Guards the genome. Regulates access. DNA replication and transcription

Question 12

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 12

Series of folded membranes attached to the nucleus that consists of rough and smooth components. About 50% of the total membrane surface in an animal cell is provided by the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 13

What are some functions performed by the ER

Answer 13

New membrane. Production of membrane proteins. Protein suerveillance. N Glycosylation, Calcium storage

Question 14

Glycosylation

Answer 14

Starts in the Endoplasmic reticulum and continues into the Golgi apparatus

Question 15

What are the two main functions of the Golgi apparatus

Answer 15

Processing and Distribution

Question 16

What are some of the functions carried out by the Golgi apparatus?

Answer 16

Glycosylation. Protein surveillance. Packaging and distribution, Secretory vesicles

Question 17

Cytosol

Answer 17

The part of the cytoplasm that is not partitioned off within intracellular membranes. This is where proteins are manufactored from ribosomes attached to the cytosolic surface of the Endoplasmic reticulum

Question 18

Composition of the cytoplasm

Answer 18

The cytoplasm is a crowded place where most water is bound. Gel-like substance. About 80% water

Question 19

Endosome

Answer 19

Distributes and recycles materials acquired through endocytosis

Question 20

Secretory vesicles

Answer 20

Process and deliver products to the plasma membrane through exocytosis

Question 21

What are some of the functions of the mitochondria

Answer 21

It has a double membrane

Carries out aerobic metabolism. Site where citric acid cycle takes place along with oxidative phosphorylation. Apoptosis

Question 22

Endosymbiosis Hypothesis

Answer 22

Hypothesis which states that the mitochondria originated as a lone bacteria that became incorporated into the an early eukaryotic cell. It later developed its distinctive double membrane

Question 23

Evidence supporting the Endosymbiosis Hypothesis

Answer 23

• similar size
• circular genome
• similar ribosomes
• unique tRNAs
• aerobic metabolism

Question 24

Chloroplasts or Mitochondria-which came first?

Answer 24

Mitochondria merged with eukaryotic animal cells before chloroplasts did