Lecture 1 Flashcards
What is physiology?
The study of how the body functions
Study of mechanisms in he body
What is anatomy? (4 points)
the study of external structures
study of internal structures
study of relationships by body parts
careful observation of human body
Microscopic anatomy is…
The study of structure that cannot be seen without magnification
Why are two types of microscopic anatomy?
Cytology - study of cells
Histology - study of tissues
Macroscopic anatomy is…
The study of structures that can be seen without magnification
Three types of macroscopic anatomy:
Surface anatomy - refers to superficial anatomical markings
Regional anatomy - refers to all structures in specific area of the body (superficial/deep)
Systemic anatomy - study of organ systems of the body (digestive, cardiovascular system, etc)
Other perspectives of anatomy:
Hint: D E C
Developmental anatomy - examines structural changes over time
Embryology - study of early developmental stages
Comparative anatomy - considers different types of animals
Levels of Organization:
Chemical/Molecular (simple) Cells Tissue Organ Organ system Organism (complex)
Chemical/Molecular organization:
Over a dozen elements in body
Four make up 99% of the body (C, H, O, N)
Major classes of compounds (water, carbs, proteins, lipids, nucliec acid)
Cell organization
Smallest living unit in the body
Tissue organization
Many cells and some surrounding material
Organ organization
Combination of tissues
Organ system
Combination of organs make up a specific system (stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas = digestive system)
Humans are composed of 11 organ systems:
Integumentary Skeletal Muscular Nervous Endocrine Cardiovascular Lymphoid Respiratory Digestive Urinary Reproductive
Superficial anatomy
Terms are typically derived from Latin or Greek
Anatomical position
- Hands at side
- Palms face forward
Supine: lying down face up in anatomical position
Probe: lying down face down in anatomical position
Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions
Subsided into four regions:
Right upper quadrant
Left upper quadrant
The abdomen and pelvic regions can be subdivided into nine regions (abdominopelvic regions)
Epigastric Right hypochondriac Left hypochondriac Umbilical Right lumbar Left lumbar Hypogastric Right inguinal Left inguinal
Anatomical directions
Most common terms are:
Superior Inferior Anterior Posterior Medial Lateral Superficial Deep
Sectional Anatomy
Dissectional cuts/planes
Transverse cut: separates superior and inferior
Sagittal cut: separating left and right
Midsagittal: separating left and right equally
Parasaggital: separating left and right unequally
Frontal cut: separate anterior and posterior
Oblique cut: separating the tissue at an angle
Sectional Anatomy
Body Cavities
Cavity = when you remove an organ from the body, you are left with a cavity
Posterior cavity: (2)
Cranial cavity - consists of brain
Spinal cavity - consists of spinal cord
Anterior cavity
Thoracic cavity: consists of…
Pleural cavity - lungs
Pericardial cavity - heart
Mediastinal cavity - space bt the apex of lungs
Abdominopelvic cavity consists of
Abdominal cavity - stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, etc
Pelvic cavity - urinary bladder
Each cavity consists of:
double layered membrane (parietal and visceral)
Membrane nearest wall of body / furthest from organs
Parietal membrane
i.e. Parietal pleura (lungs), pericardium, peritoneum (abdomen)
Membrane farthest from wall of body / nearest the organs
Visceral membrane
- visceral pleura, visceral pericardium, visceral peritoneum
Between the double membranes (parietal and visceral) is a cavity filled with
serous fluid - smith non-viscous fluid along very easy movements or organs with no friction (in contrast to mucous fluid which is thick and sticky)
Foundations: Tissues
There are over 75 trillion cells in the body.
All cells can be placed into one of the four tissue categories:
Epithelial tissue
Connective
Muscular
Neural
Epithelial Tissue characteristics
Cells bound close together
No intercellular space
Arranged in sheets
Composed of one or more layers of cells
Regeneration - cells continuously replaced via cell reproduction
Polarity (exposed apical surface and attached basal surface)
Attachment - basal layer is attached to basal lamina
Avascularity - doesn’t consist of blood vessels (aka vascular connections)
Functions of epithelial tissue
Provides physical protection
Controls permeability
Provides Sensation
Produces Secretions
Specialization of Epithelial Cells
Microvilli - for absorption and secretion
Stereocilia - long micro villi (commonly found in inner ear)
Ciliated epithelium - moves substances over apical surfaces of the cells
Classification of Epithelia
Simple - one layer of cells
Stratified - two or more layers of cells
Epithelial Tissue Cells
Squamous cells - thin, flat cells / squished nuclei
Cuboidal cells - cube shaped cells / centered round nuclei
Columnar cells - longer than they are wide / nucleus near the base
Transitional cells - mixture of cells / scattered nuclei
Simple Squamous Ephithelium
Consists of very delicate cells
Location: lining body cavities, heart, blood vessels
Function: Reduce friction; absorption and secretion
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Location: surface of skin; lines mouth, esophagues, anus, vagina
Function: protection
Simple Cuboidal Ep
Location: thyroid gland, ducts, kidney tubules
Function: secretion and absorption
Strat Cuboidal Ep
Location: ducts of sweat glands
Function: secretion and absorption
Simple Columnar Ep
Location: lining of stomach, intestines, uterine tubes
Function: secretion, absorption, protection
Strat Columnar Ep
Location: pharynx, epiglottis, mammary glands, salivary glands
Function: protection
Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
- nucleus situated at different levels
Location: nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi
Function: protection and secretion
Transitional Epithelium
Consists of many layers
Consists of a combination of cuboidal and odd shaped cells
Location: urinary bladder
Function: ability to stretch extensively
