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BIOB33 Human Development and Anatomy > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

0
Q

What is physiology?

A

The study of how the body functions

Study of mechanisms in he body

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1
Q

What is anatomy? (4 points)

A

the study of external structures
study of internal structures
study of relationships by body parts
careful observation of human body

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2
Q

Microscopic anatomy is…

A

The study of structure that cannot be seen without magnification

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3
Q

Why are two types of microscopic anatomy?

A

Cytology - study of cells

Histology - study of tissues

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4
Q

Macroscopic anatomy is…

A

The study of structures that can be seen without magnification

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5
Q

Three types of macroscopic anatomy:

A

Surface anatomy - refers to superficial anatomical markings

Regional anatomy - refers to all structures in specific area of the body (superficial/deep)

Systemic anatomy - study of organ systems of the body (digestive, cardiovascular system, etc)

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6
Q

Other perspectives of anatomy:

Hint: D E C

A

Developmental anatomy - examines structural changes over time

Embryology - study of early developmental stages

Comparative anatomy - considers different types of animals

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7
Q

Levels of Organization:

A 
Chemical/Molecular (simple)
Cells
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism (complex)
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8
Q

Chemical/Molecular organization:

A

Over a dozen elements in body

Four make up 99% of the body (C, H, O, N)

Major classes of compounds (water, carbs, proteins, lipids, nucliec acid)

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9
Q

Cell organization

A

Smallest living unit in the body

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10
Q

Tissue organization

A

Many cells and some surrounding material

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11
Q

Organ organization

A

Combination of tissues

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12
Q

Organ system

A

Combination of organs make up a specific system (stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas = digestive system)

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13
Q

Humans are composed of 11 organ systems:

A 
Integumentary
Skeletal
Muscular
Nervous
Endocrine
Cardiovascular
Lymphoid
Respiratory
Digestive
Urinary
Reproductive
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14
Q

Superficial anatomy

A

Terms are typically derived from Latin or Greek

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15
Q

Anatomical position

A
  • Hands at side
  • Palms face forward

Supine: lying down face up in anatomical position
Probe: lying down face down in anatomical position

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16
Q

Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions

A

Subsided into four regions:
Right upper quadrant
Left upper quadrant

17
Q

The abdomen and pelvic regions can be subdivided into nine regions (abdominopelvic regions)

A 
Epigastric
Right hypochondriac
Left hypochondriac
Umbilical
Right lumbar
Left lumbar
Hypogastric
Right inguinal
Left inguinal
18
Q

Anatomical directions

Most common terms are:

A 
Superior
Inferior
Anterior
Posterior
Medial
Lateral
Superficial
Deep
19
Q

Sectional Anatomy

Dissectional cuts/planes

A

Transverse cut: separates superior and inferior

Sagittal cut: separating left and right

Midsagittal: separating left and right equally

Parasaggital: separating left and right unequally

Frontal cut: separate anterior and posterior

Oblique cut: separating the tissue at an angle

20
Q

Sectional Anatomy

Body Cavities

A

Cavity = when you remove an organ from the body, you are left with a cavity

21
Q

Posterior cavity: (2)

A

Cranial cavity - consists of brain

Spinal cavity - consists of spinal cord

22
Q

Anterior cavity

A

Thoracic cavity: consists of…
Pleural cavity - lungs
Pericardial cavity - heart
Mediastinal cavity - space bt the apex of lungs

Abdominopelvic cavity consists of
Abdominal cavity - stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, etc
Pelvic cavity - urinary bladder

23
Q

Each cavity consists of:

A

double layered membrane (parietal and visceral)

24
Q

Membrane nearest wall of body / furthest from organs

A

Parietal membrane

i.e. Parietal pleura (lungs), pericardium, peritoneum (abdomen)

25
Q

Membrane farthest from wall of body / nearest the organs

A

Visceral membrane

- visceral pleura, visceral pericardium, visceral peritoneum

26
Q

Between the double membranes (parietal and visceral) is a cavity filled with

A

serous fluid - smith non-viscous fluid along very easy movements or organs with no friction (in contrast to mucous fluid which is thick and sticky)

27
Q

Foundations: Tissues

There are over 75 trillion cells in the body.

All cells can be placed into one of the four tissue categories:

A

Epithelial tissue
Connective
Muscular
Neural

28
Q

Epithelial Tissue characteristics

A

Cells bound close together
No intercellular space
Arranged in sheets
Composed of one or more layers of cells
Regeneration - cells continuously replaced via cell reproduction
Polarity (exposed apical surface and attached basal surface)
Attachment - basal layer is attached to basal lamina
Avascularity - doesn’t consist of blood vessels (aka vascular connections)

29
Q

Functions of epithelial tissue

A

Provides physical protection
Controls permeability
Provides Sensation
Produces Secretions

30
Q

Specialization of Epithelial Cells

A

Microvilli - for absorption and secretion

Stereocilia - long micro villi (commonly found in inner ear)

Ciliated epithelium - moves substances over apical surfaces of the cells

31
Q

Classification of Epithelia

A

Simple - one layer of cells

Stratified - two or more layers of cells

33
Q

Epithelial Tissue Cells

A

Squamous cells - thin, flat cells / squished nuclei

Cuboidal cells - cube shaped cells / centered round nuclei

Columnar cells - longer than they are wide / nucleus near the base

Transitional cells - mixture of cells / scattered nuclei

34
Q

Simple Squamous Ephithelium

A

Consists of very delicate cells

Location: lining body cavities, heart, blood vessels

Function: Reduce friction; absorption and secretion

35
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A

Location: surface of skin; lines mouth, esophagues, anus, vagina

Function: protection

36
Q

Simple Cuboidal Ep

A

Location: thyroid gland, ducts, kidney tubules

Function: secretion and absorption

37
Q

Strat Cuboidal Ep

A

Location: ducts of sweat glands

Function: secretion and absorption

38
Q

Simple Columnar Ep

A

Location: lining of stomach, intestines, uterine tubes

Function: secretion, absorption, protection

39
Q

Strat Columnar Ep

A

Location: pharynx, epiglottis, mammary glands, salivary glands

Function: protection

40
Q

Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

A
  • nucleus situated at different levels

Location: nasal cavity, trachea, bronchi

Function: protection and secretion

41
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A

Consists of many layers

Consists of a combination of cuboidal and odd shaped cells

Location: urinary bladder

Function: ability to stretch extensively

BIOB33 Human Development and Anatomy (7 decks)

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