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Kinesiology 2 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is flexibility?

A

The range of motion available in a joint or series of joints

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2
Q

What is Total Flexibility dependent on?

A

Joint’s ROM

Muscle Flexibility

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3
Q

What are other important aspects of flexibility?

A

Mobility
Stability
Control mobility
Skill

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4
Q

What should you look at when two joints are fused together?

A

The hypermobile joints proximal and distal to the fused area

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5
Q

What occurs from a upper motor lesion?

A

Spastic muscles

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6
Q

What occurs from a lower motor lesion?

A

Flaccid muscles

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7
Q

What is considered the mechanical component of Total flexibility?

A

Joint’s ROM

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8
Q

What is considered the Neuro component of Total Flexibility?

A

Muscle Flexibility

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9
Q

What should occur if there is no joint/mechanical problem of the joint?

A

Linear movement

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10
Q

What makes up Joint’s ROM of Total Flexibility?

A

Ability of Periarticular connective tissue to deform.

Joint Arthrokinematics

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11
Q

What makes up Muscle Flexibility of Total Flexibility?

A

Ability of muscle to lengthen

Neuromuscular component-GTO and Muscle Spindle (Gamma Bias)

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12
Q

Why is total flexibility important?

A

Accommodates stress
Dissipate the Forces/Impact
Improves the efficiency of movement
Improves the effectiveness of movement

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13
Q

Collectively, why is total flexibility important?

A

Will assist in the prevention or minimization of injury

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14
Q

What is static Flexibility?

A

The MEASURED ROM available about a joint or a series of joints

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15
Q

How do you measure Static Flexibility?

A

Linear or Rotary Measurements- (Ruler or Goniometer)

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16
Q

What is dynamic flexibility?

A

The MEASURE OF RESISTANCE to active motion about a joint or series of joints.

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17
Q

How do you measure dynamic flexibility?

A

Biodex

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18
Q

Where does the limitation lie? JROM and its static flexibility or MF and its dynamic flexibility?

A

JROM and its static flexibility-Time component

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19
Q

What are the primary limiting factors of JROM?

A

Arthrokinematics of joint

Alignment of articular surfaces

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20
Q

What are the grades of joint mobility testing?

A 
0-Ankylosis
1-Moderate hypomobility
2-Hypomobile
3-Normal
4-Hypermobile
5-Moderate hypermobility
6-Pathologically hypermoble
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21
Q

What must be done to determine a person’s joint mobility?

A

Test both sides if possible

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22
Q

If Grade 3 of Joint mobility is found, then the fault to decreased total flexibility is due to what?

A

Periarticular connective tissue about the joint

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23
Q

How can you tell connective tissue was torn rather than muscle in a tear?

A

Connective tissue has no blood flow, so the area will not bruise, unlike muscle tissue which does have blood flow and will bruise.

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24
Q

What is another name for muscle tear?

A

Rent

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25
Q

What is considered accessory motion?

A

Non-rotary slide
Joint mobility test
Periarticular connective tissue

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26
Q

What is considered Physiological motion?

A

Rotary physiological movement
Goniometric measurement
Periarticular Connective tissue plus muscle flexibility

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27
Q

Which population scars greater than others?

A

Dark skin compared to European Descent

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28
Q

What are the two main components of Connective Tissue?

A

Collagen

Elastin

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29
Q

What makes up collagen?

A

Fibrous Protein
Provide the skeletal structure that holds connective tissue together
Enables the tissue to resist mechanical forces and deformation.

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30
Q

What makes up Elastin?

A

Assist the recovery of tissue from deformation
More elastin in tissue equals greater recovery from deformation
If no Elastin then it would be brittle and break

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31
Q

What are the types of collagen?

A

Type I
Type II
Type III

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32
Q

Where are types I and III collagen often found?

A

In connective tissue

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33
Q

What happens to type III collagen?

A

It matures to Type I

34
Q

Which collagen demonstrates greater tensile strength?

A

Type I
Though Type III also has some Tensile strength
Type II is compression tolerant not tensile tolerant

35
Q

What is the ground substance of Collagen?

A

Made of glucoaminoglycans (GAG-Sugar, Protein, Sugar)

This is the substance the collagen fibrils are embedded

36
Q

What does GAG have an affinity for?

A

Hydration

When you get older you lose water and flexibility

37
Q

What are four GAGs?

A

Chondrotin 4-Sulfate
Chondrotin 6-Sulfate
Hyaluronic Acid
Dermatin Sulfate

38
Q

What is the importance of the ground substance?

A

It’s a viscous gel that serves to provide lubrication between collagen fibers where they cross. Causes the fibers to not stick together.

39
Q

What is the synthesis of collagen intracellularly?

A

Protocollagen to Procollagen

40
Q

What is the synthesis of collagen extracellularly?

A

Procollagen to Tropocollagen to Pentafibril quarter stagger to Extracellular maturation

41
Q

How can collagen be described?

A

As a Fiber Suspension Bridge

42
Q

What is the strength of the Fiber suspension bridge dependent on?

A

It’s structural properties

43
Q

What do the structural properties of collagen consist of?

A 
Material Properties (Mechanical and Physical)
Size (Area and Length)
Organization (Tropocollagen to microfibirl to subfibirl to fibril to fascicle to tendon)
44
Q

Where do strong fibers align/ how is orientation affected?

A

Along the area of stress

45
Q

What are the three factors that contribute to homeostasis?

A

Cellular remodeling
Ground substance/Collagen Response
Tissue Response

46
Q

What is cellular remodeling?

A

Fibroblastic modulation of collagen and GAG synthesis by the force/stresses imposed (usually by motion)

47
Q

What is Ground substance/collagen response?

A

Motion will prevent anomalous (fibers sticking together) crosslinks of collagen fibers
Role of GAG is to keep/maintain fibril distance-this lubrication is a result of its affinity for hydration (min. cross linking)
Stress/motion influences the orientation of the newly formed collagen

48
Q

What is tissue response?

A

Strength and mobility
Prohibit injury/reinjury
Wolff’s law applicable to soft tissue

49
Q

What are the non permanent mechanical properties of collagen?

A

Elasticity

Viscoelasticity

50
Q

What is the permanent mechanical property of collagen?

A

Plasticity

51
Q

What is elasticity?

A

A spring like behavior where elongation is:
Produced by tension load
Recoverable after the load is removed
(Recovery like rubber-band)

52
Q

What is viscoelasticity?

A

Allows slow deformation
Presents with an imperfect recovery
The change is not permanent
(Recovery like Screen door)

53
Q

What is plasticity?

A

Residual or permanent change occurs

This change occurs because of viscous properties of the tissue

54
Q

What is viscosity?

A

The resistance offered by fluid to change form or relative position of its particles due to attraction of molecules to one another.

55
Q

Which Mechanical property of collagen is viscosity associated with?

A

Plasticity

56
Q

What is another name for Force Relaxation?

A

Stress relaxation

57
Q

What is force relaxation?

A

The decrease in the amount of force required to maintain a tissue at a set amount of displacement or dis0placement over time.

58
Q

What is force relaxation related to?

A

The rate of force application and dynamic flexibility where the denominator is time

59
Q

What is another name for creep?

A

Creep response

60
Q

What is creep?

A

The ability of tissue to deform over time while a constant force is being applied
The tissue lengthens over time

61
Q

What is creep related to?

A

Static flexibility

62
Q

What is another name for hysteresis?

A

Hysteretic response

63
Q

What is hysteresis?

A

The amount of relaxation a tissue has under gone during any single cycle of deformation and relaxation

64
Q

What is hysteresis related to?

A

Dynamic Flexibility-Stretch, Relax, Stretch, Relax, etc.

65
Q

What is muscle?

A

The associated connective tissue organization

66
Q

What are the three levels of muscle?

A

Endomysium
Perimysium
Epimysium

67
Q

What is the Endomysium?

A

Connective tissue associated with the individual muscle cells.
Interconnects to the perimysium (slice)
Greater % of elastin in continuously active muscles (Eye and diaphragm)

68
Q

For Endomysium, what is the arrangement of connective tissue fibrils dependent on?

A

The degree of stretch or contraction of the muscle

Could be an important factor in the parallel series elastic component

69
Q

What are the three components of composition in Endomysium?

A

Myocyte-myocyte
Myocyte-Capillary
Basil lamina network of the myocyte

70
Q

What is the perimysium?

A

Surrounds groups of 10-20 muscle fibrils
Collectively called form fascicle
A major component of the parallel elastic components of muscle

71
Q

What is the perimysium composed of?

A

Collagenous,
Elastic,
Reticular fibers
Fat cells

72
Q

What is the importance of the perimysium?

A

Maintains position of muscle bundles

Distributes stress associated with passive stretch

73
Q

What is Epimysium?

A

Surrounds the fascicle of individual muscle

Amount of collagen/elastin varies with the muscle’s function

74
Q

For muscle stiffness, what is the portion of passive resting tension due to?

A

The parallel arrangement of the invested connective tissue.

75
Q

What can a small portion of the tension of muscle stiffness be due to?

A

The actin and myosin cross bridges.

The tension provided by the cross bridges is velocity dependent.

76
Q

What contributes to resist deformation?

A

Contractile and non-contractile elements

77
Q

What is contractile elements related to?

A

Velocity of deformation

78
Q

When is non-contractile elements affected?

A

The further a muscle is stretched

79
Q

What do eccentric and concentric actions both have?

A

A force development which shortens or lengthens the muscle

80
Q

What is isotonic?

A

The tone of the muscle remains the same

81
Q

What occurs when actin and myocin are hyperactive?

A

You cannot lengthen the muscle which causes stiffness.

Kinesiology 2 (12 decks)

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