Lecture 1 & 2 combined Flashcards
what is the most important section while evaluation medical literature
Methods / Materials & Methods / Patients & Methods
observes associations
shows pattern of disease occurrence
helps to generate hypotheses
descriptive research
analyzes associations
investigates relationships
tests hypothese
analytical research
describes epidemiological studies reveal the patterns of disease occurrence in human populations
descriptive studies
provides general observations concerning the relationship of disease to basic characteristics
Person/Place/Time
descriptive studies
Examples of descriptive studies
Case Reports
Clinical Series
Populations (Ecological Studies)
Real world examples of?
alerting the medical community to what type of persons are at risk for a new or old disease
descriptive study
assisting in the rational planning of health and medical care needs: i.e. how many PAs do we need in field?
descriptive study
provides CLUES TO DISEASE ETIOLOGY and q’s or hypotheses for further study
descriptive study
attempt to provide insight into etiology or find/ determine better patient outcomes
explanatory studies
Which explanatory study type has an active intervention from the investigator
Experimental Explanatory Study
which explanatory study type has an investigator who observes nature?
Observational Explanatory Study
three types of observational studies
cohort studies, case series or studies, individual case reports
two types of experimental studies
randomized controlled trials and non-randomized controlled trials
three types of critical appraisal studies with high qualities of evidence
Critically Appraised Literature & Evidence-Based Practice Guidelines, Systematic Reviews, Meta-Analyses
two types of Descriptive studies of individuals?
Case Reports or Case Series
a narrative in the professional literature that identifies a SINGLE INCIDENT and discusses PERTINENT FACTORS related to the patient
Case Report
Brings a novel or unusual patient to the attention of the colleagues
Case Report
Information is preliminary and unrefined in terms of research methodology (important)
case report
Case series are used to ? Examine \_\_\_\_ Catalog \_\_\_\_ Determine \_\_\_\_ Discuss \_\_\_\_\_
Examine adverse events or effects
Catalog new diseases or outbreak
Determine the feasibility or safety of a new treatment or intervention
Discuss the potential efficacy of a new treatment
What lacks “sufficient methodological rigor”
Case reports and case series
why do Case reports and case series lack “sufficient methodological rigor”?
data does not extrapolate to larger populations
evidence may be circumstantial
confounding factors may be present
what do case reports and case series typically indicate the need for?
future study
When you think case-report or case series think
well defined SOAP
When we do a descriptive study design or descriptive study on populations what are we looking for?
ecological studies
examines the relationship between exposures and diseases as measured in a population rather than in individuals
ecological studies of descriptive studies
can often be done by utilizing data from surveys or registries without having to interview, examine, or even identify individual subjects
ecological studies of descriptive studies
after describing an association at the population level, the next step would be to do an analytic study to see if the association holds true to individuals in what type of study?
ecological studies of descriptive studies
what is ecological fallacy?
a type of bias specific to ecological studies
Occurs when relationships that exist for groups are assumed to also be true for individuals
a type of bias specific to ecological studies
Occurs when relationships that exist for groups are assumed to also be true for individuals
ecological fallacy
