Lecture 1-2

Question 1

-/+/0 values of H (Enthalpy)

Answer 1

Negative- Energy is released from system
Positive- Energy is added to system
0- Closed system

Question 2

-/+/0 values S (Entropy)

Answer 2

Negative- Disorder decreases
Positive- Disorder increases
0- No change in disorder

Question 3

-/+/0 values G (Gibbs free energy)

Answer 3

Negative- Free energy released, exergonic, favorable, spontaneous reaction
Positive- Free energy required, endergonic, unfavorable, driven reaction
0- Equilibrium

Question 4

Nucleotide

Answer 4

Nitrogenous base attached to sugar and 1-3 phosphates

Question 5

Nucleoside

Answer 5

Nitrogenous base attached to only sugar

Question 6

Difference between deoxyribose and ribose

Answer 6

Ribose has -OH at 2’ Carbon

Deoxyribose has -H at 2’ Carbon

Question 7

Hairpins and Cruciforms require what and are created by

Answer 7

Require palindromic (inverted repeat) sequence
Created by superhelical strain

Question 8

Triplexes

Answer 8

Requires homopurine duplex

Uses Hoogsteen hydrogegen bonds

Question 9

Quadraplexes

Answer 9

Guanines only

Occurs at telomeres and some promoters

Question 10

Transition mutation

Answer 10

Interchanges of purines (A–>G) or pyrimidines (T–>C)

Question 11

Transversion mutation

Answer 11

Interchanging between purine and pyrimidine bases

Pyrimidine–>Purine or opposite

Question 12

Induced mutation BrdU

Answer 12

BrdU can pair with either A or G, depending on its chemical state

Question 13

Induced mutation alkylating agents

Answer 13

Can cause guanine to bind thymine

Question 14

Induced mutation intercalating agents

Answer 14

Psoralen is an intercalating agent

Upon activation with UV light, it forms adducts with neighboring pyrimidines

Question 15

Induced mutation UV light

Answer 15

Irradiation with UV light forms thymine dimers

Question 16

Induced mutation ionizing radiation

Answer 16

Causes free radicals to form which damages DNA

Question 17

Primary structure is

Answer 17

Chain of amino acids

Question 18

Secondary structure

Answer 18

Local folding of polypeptide chain

Question 19

Tertiary structure

Answer 19

Folding of secondary structure

Question 20

Quaternary structure

Answer 20

Interaction of multiple peptides or tertiary structures

Question 21

Peptide bond

Answer 21

Bond between Carbon-Nitrogen

Single bond which allows side chains to alternate up and down