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LSCI230 (Microbiology) > Lecture 1 + 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 + 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Robert Hooke?

A

published first microscopic drawings of molds

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2
Q

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek?

A

published first drawing of “wee animalcules”

first time microorganisms were seen

“father of microbiology”

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3
Q

what is spontaneous generation?

A

hypothesis that a force can create living organisms from inanimate objects

accepted throughout middle ages into 19c

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4
Q

Francesco redi?

A

showed maggots didn’t develop from meat if meat was covered (1600s)

proved against spont generation

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5
Q

Lazzaro spallanzani?

A

demonstrated that nothing grew in liquids that were boiled and stored in closed contain

proved against spontaneous generation

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6
Q

Ignaz Semelweis?

A

showed that childbed fever is contagious. Medical students were transporIng the “cadaveric principles” from the morgue to the clinic.

Hand washing in chlorine soluIon solved the problem

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7
Q

Joseph Lister?

A

showed that death from infection was decreased if medical devices were soaked in phenol

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8
Q

Robert Koch?

A

showed that tuberculosis was caused by bacterium

ie microorganisms cause diseases

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9
Q

louis pasteur?

A

showed that microorganisms were present in the air (possible source of infection)

led to sterilization and pasteurization and vaccines

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10
Q

what are bacteria and archaea?

A

prokaryotes

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11
Q

what is LUCA?

A

last universal common ancester

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12
Q

microorganisms in agriculture?

A

can form nodules on roots of plants = converts atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia = source of nitrogen for plant growth

microorganisms in rumens of animals to digest and ferment celluloase

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13
Q

microorganisms in environment?

A

important for recylcing nutrients, detoxification (ie contaminated soil), source of food, genetic diversity

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14
Q

what are colonies?

A

tightly packed living cells

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15
Q

properties of all cells?

A
  1. metabolism = takes up nutrients, expels waste ( genetic and catalytic)
  2. growth: takes in nutrients + forms new cells
  3. evolution: cells evolve to display new properties
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16
Q

properties of some cells?

A
  1. differentiation: some forms new cells (ie spores)
  2. communication: ie hormones and chemical messengers
  3. genetic exchange: exchange genes during replication
  4. motility: (flagellum)
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17
Q

what happens when cell size increases?

A

lower surface to volume ratio

also affected by shape of cells (ie rod vs sphere)

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18
Q

why is there a maximum cell size?

A

need surface area to do cell processes

when cell is too big, the SA is too small = can’t function properly

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19
Q

differences of internal structure of prokaryote vs eukaryote?

A 
P: 
no membrane enclosed organelles
no nucleus
no cellulose in cell walls
no histones
E: 
membrane enclosed organelles
nucleus
cellulose in cell walls
DNA bound to histones
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20
Q

functions of membrane?

A
  1. permeability barrier: isolates inside from outside
  2. protein anchor: transport of molecules through proteins
  3. energy conservation: proton motive forces (ATP production)
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21
Q

types of membrane proteins?

A

sensors
adhesins
transporters
enzymes

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22
Q

structure of phospholipid bilayer?

A

FA attached to glycerol
ethanolamine group
hydrophillic head outside and tails inside

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23
Q

difference of membrane of archaea vs bacteria eukarya

A

bacteria eukarya: Fa is attached to glycerol by ESTER link

archaea: FA attached by ETHER link

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24
Q

how is the lipid bilayer stabillized in eukarya vs in bacteria and archaea?

A

eukarya: stabilized by sterol (has polar head, rigid planar steroid ring, nonpolar hydrocarbon tail)

bacteria and archaea: sterols are absent

bacteria: membrane stabilized by hopanoids

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25
Q

storage of DNA in bacteria and archaea vs eukarya?

A 
bacteria and archaea:
-circular and double stranded
haploid
packed with proteins to form NUCLEOID
-DNA in CYTOPLASM
-contains plasmids

eukarya:

  • linear molecules
  • double stranded
  • diploid
  • packaged with proteins to form CHROMATIN FIBERS
  • DNA in NUCLEUS
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26
Q

role of ribosome?

A

translates mRNA into AA chains to form proteins

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27
Q

ribosome in prokaryote vs eukaryotes?

A

p:

  • free in cytoplasm or attached to cytoplasmic membrane
  • 30S + 50S subunits = 70S ribosome

E:

  • free in cytoplasm or bound to ER
  • 40S + 60S = 80S ribosome
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28
Q

what is the Svedberg unit?

A

determines rate of sedimentation of a particle in an ultracentrifuge (for molecules that take a very long time to sediment. Uses high G force on particle)

proportional to size,shape and density

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29
Q

role of cell wall in euk cells?

A

keeps shape of cell

protects cell from outside

composed of polysaccharides

  • plants: cellulose
  • fungi chitin
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30
Q

euchromatin vs heterochromatin in eukarya nucleus?

A

euchromatin: loosely packed, actively transcribed
heterochromatin: densely packed = enzymes can’t reach = little transcription

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31
Q

rough ER vs smooth ER?

A

rough: has ribosomes. need for protein synthesis
- holes in ER membrane = SRP receptor (where protein is secreted into ER)

smooth: no ribosomes
- lipid synthesis

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32
Q

role of golgi body?

A

repackages, processes and distributes proteins into vesicles to be transported

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33
Q

parts and roles of mitochondria?

A

outer membrane:

  • 2 lipid bilayers
  • very porous and permeable to small molecules

inner:

  • where respiration occurs
  • redox rxns to produce proton motive force

matrix
-contains enzymes, DNA, 70s ribsosomes

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34
Q

how many membranes does the mitochondria have?

A

2 (outer and inner)

35
Q

parts of chloroplast?

A

outer membrane:
-has porins

inner membrane:
-transport proteins

thylakoids:

  • systen of sacks and tubules
  • has pigments that converts light to ATP
  • granum are stacks of thylakoids

stroma:
-circular DNA, 70S ribosomes, enzymes of calvin cycle

36
Q

3 kinds of filaments in eukaryotic cytoskeleton?

A

microtubule

actin (microfilaments)

intermediate

37
Q

function of actin/micro filaments?

A

maintain cell shape

38
Q

function of microtubules?

subunits?

A

subunits: alpha and beta

maintains cell shape and allows movement (ie kinesin and dynein)

  • “highway” for transport of organelles and vesicles
  • originates from the centrosome (connects centrosome to edge of the cell
39
Q

function of intermediate filament?

subunits?

A

subunits: keratin, desmin, vimentin
function: maintain cell shape and anchors organelles

40
Q

role of centrioles and basal bodies?

A

organizing centers for microtubules

2 centrioles forms centrosome in middle of cell

  • to make flagella
  • composed of one complete microtubule and two partial microtubules (triplets)
  • centriole composition: 9 triplets of microtubules

basal bodies:
-centrioles that have migrated to cytoplasmic membrane

41
Q

cilia and flagella?

A

9+2 (when microtubule is in middle)

9 sets of microtubule doublets

42
Q

9+2 vs 9+0?

A

9+2 means microtubule is in middle

9+0 means no microtubule in middle

43
Q

steps of gram staining?

A
  1. flood heat fixed smear with crystal violet (results = all cels are purple)
  2. add iodine solution (result = all cells are purple)
  3. decolorize with alcohol (result = gram pos are purple and gram neg are colorless)
  4. counterstain with safranin (result = gram post are purple and gram neg are red)
44
Q

subunits of peptidoglycan?

A

NAG and NAM (sugars)

  • link between NAM and NAg is the target of lysozyme
  • NAM-NAG backbone gives rigidity to structure
45
Q

what is transpetidation?

A

cross-linking

in gram neg: direct cross-linking

in gram pos: interbridge cross linking

46
Q

peptidoglycan layer in gram pos vs gram neg?

A

pos: 90% of wall is peptidoglycan
neg: 5-10% petidoglycan

47
Q

role of alcohol in gram staining?

A

gram neg: removes outer membrane and thin peptidolycan layer

gram pos: can’t remove membrane b/c has very thick peptidoglycan layer

48
Q

location of peptidoglycan?

A

in periplasm

  • space between cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane
  • has high conc of proteins = very dense = “protein gel”
49
Q

outer membrane of gram neg?

A

2 layers:

  • inside: phospholipids
  • outside: lipopolysaccharide (LPS layer. helps protect bacteria from substances)
50
Q

what is LPS?

A
  • lipopolysaccharide
  • layer of air which keeps toxic compounds away (protection)
  • family of complex sugar polymers attached to lipid A
  • lipid A is toxic but is used by the immune system to detect pathogens
51
Q

what is absent in cell wall of archaea?

A

peptidoglycan and outer membrane are absent

52
Q

what is different about the link between sugars in cell walls of arcahea?

A

insensitive to lysozyme (in peptidoglycan, link of sugar backbone is targeted by lysozyme)

53
Q

what is the S layer?

A

paracrystalline surface layer

forms layer on top of petidoglycan (g pos) or on top of outer membrane (g neg)

creates crystalline appearance under microscope

54
Q

what is the capsule or slime layer?

A

composed of polysaccharides or proteins
-heteropolysaccharides and homopolysaccharides

protects layer against toxic substance. protects against host defense system

55
Q

what are flagella?

A
  • used for locomotion (motility)
  • surface appendage
  • types: monotrichous, petrichous, lophotrichous
  • not covered by membrane
56
Q

how is flagellum synthesized?

A

polymerized at the top (not bottom)

57
Q

what is taxis?

A

directed movement toward or away from physical or chemical gradients?

chemotaxis, phototaxis, aerotaxis, osmotaxis

58
Q

role of fimbriae?

A

attachment of the microorganism to surfaces (attached by sortase)

found mostly on gram-neg bacteria

59
Q

fimbriae of gram-pos vs gram-neg??

A

gram pos:

  • anchored in peptidoglycan
  • composed of pilin proteins
  • covalently linked to one another
  • assembled by sortases

gramneg

  • anchored in outer membrane
  • composed of pilin
  • not covalently bound
  • accessory proteins are needed
60
Q

what are endospores?

A

differentiated cells that are extremely resistant to harsh

61
Q

what are endospores?

A

differentiated cells that are very resistant to harsh conditions (ie heat, radiation, chemicals, etc..)

they are a dormant stage in the
life cycle

can easily be dispered (ie wind, water, etc…)

62
Q

parts of the endospore?

what is in the core?

A

exosporium (on outside)

spore coat: layers of spore specific proteins

cortex (thick layer of peptidoglycan. helps spore keep shape. gives protection)

core:
- contains Ca, DPA, SASP, DNA, proteins for germination

63
Q

what is SASPS?

A

small acid soluble spore proteins

binds to DNA to protect against damage

64
Q

what is in the core of the endospore?

A

Ca, DPA, SASP, DNA, proteins for germination

SASP: binds to DNA to protect it

DPA and Ca: bind water = dehydrates core

65
Q

what are the 2 cycles of endospore growth?

A
  1. vegetative: when growing conditions are good = active growth
  2. sporulation stages (bad growing conditions)
66
Q

describe states of sporulation

A
  1. cell is committed to cycle
  2. mother cell grows around prespore
  3. maturation (cell wall and membrane forms around prespore
  4. spore coat
    6 and 7. maturation and cell lysis. results in free matured endospore with DNA
67
Q

what are cell inclusions?

A

stores of energy, nutrient, building blocks

68
Q

what are viruses

A

obligate parasites (can’t replicate itself = can only replicate inside host cells)

69
Q

what are host cells

A

cells being infected, including all groups of cellular organisms

70
Q

what are virions

A

form of virus existing as inert infectious particles (outside the host)

71
Q

what is the capsid?

A

protein coat that encloses nucleic acid

72
Q

what are the 2 viral classes?

A

DNA viruses

RNA viruses

73
Q

what supplies the building blocks and energy for new virus particles?

A

the host cells

74
Q

how many proteins in simple vs comples viruses?

A

simple: 3 proteins
complex: more than 100

75
Q

what is the nucleocapsid?

A

nucleic acid + protein coat

76
Q

what are capsomeres?

A

protein subunit that makes up the capsid (protein coat)

77
Q

wht is the envelope (in virions)

A

lipid containing layer with embedded proteins

78
Q

what is the envelope (in virions)

A

lipid containing layer with embedded proteins (virus specific and needed for attaching virus to host cell)

79
Q

shapes of virions?

A

helical

polyhedral (has spikes = important for attachment on host cells)

complex

80
Q

what are viroids

A

closed circles of single stranded RNA (240-380 nucleotides)

replication depends on host machinery. Disease is caused by overtaking machinery by the viroid

81
Q

what are prions? what do they cause?

A

consist of only one protein

causes neurological degenerative disorders (ie mad cow diseas, scrapie, kuru)

misfolded prion proteins PrPscinduces misfolding of PrPc protein (mostly found in neurons). PrPc doesn’t replicate = accumulation of misfolded PrPsc = kills the cell

82
Q

what is LTA and TA?

A 
TA = teichoic acid
LTA = lipoteichoic acid
83
Q

where is the peptidoglycan located in gram neg?

A

in the periplasm (space delimited by cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane)

periplasm has high conc of proteins (“protein gel” b/c very dense)

84
Q

describe composition of outer membrane of gram neg

A

LPS layer = protection from toxins and compounds

lipid A = toxic

KDO = links lipid A to polysaccharide chain

O-sepcific polysaccharide = O antigen

OMP = outer membrane proteins

LSCI230 (Microbiology) (4 decks)

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