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LSCI230 (Microbiology) > Lecture 1 + 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 + 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Robert Hooke?

A

published first microscopic drawings of molds

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2
Q

Antoni van Leeuwenhoek?

A

published first drawing of “wee animalcules”

first time microorganisms were seen

“father of microbiology”

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3
Q

what is spontaneous generation?

A

hypothesis that a force can create living organisms from inanimate objects

accepted throughout middle ages into 19c

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4
Q

Francesco redi?

A

showed maggots didn’t develop from meat if meat was covered (1600s)

proved against spont generation

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5
Q

Lazzaro spallanzani?

A

demonstrated that nothing grew in liquids that were boiled and stored in closed contain

proved against spontaneous generation

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6
Q

Ignaz Semelweis?

A

showed that childbed fever is contagious. Medical students were transporIng the “cadaveric principles” from the morgue to the clinic.

Hand washing in chlorine soluIon solved the problem

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7
Q

Joseph Lister?

A

showed that death from infection was decreased if medical devices were soaked in phenol

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8
Q

Robert Koch?

A

showed that tuberculosis was caused by bacterium

ie microorganisms cause diseases

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9
Q

louis pasteur?

A

showed that microorganisms were present in the air (possible source of infection)

led to sterilization and pasteurization and vaccines

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10
Q

what are bacteria and archaea?

A

prokaryotes

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11
Q

what is LUCA?

A

last universal common ancester

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12
Q

microorganisms in agriculture?

A

can form nodules on roots of plants = converts atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia = source of nitrogen for plant growth

microorganisms in rumens of animals to digest and ferment celluloase

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13
Q

microorganisms in environment?

A

important for recylcing nutrients, detoxification (ie contaminated soil), source of food, genetic diversity

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14
Q

what are colonies?

A

tightly packed living cells

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15
Q

properties of all cells?

A
  1. metabolism = takes up nutrients, expels waste ( genetic and catalytic)
  2. growth: takes in nutrients + forms new cells
  3. evolution: cells evolve to display new properties
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16
Q

properties of some cells?

A
  1. differentiation: some forms new cells (ie spores)
  2. communication: ie hormones and chemical messengers
  3. genetic exchange: exchange genes during replication
  4. motility: (flagellum)
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17
Q

what happens when cell size increases?

A

lower surface to volume ratio

also affected by shape of cells (ie rod vs sphere)

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18
Q

why is there a maximum cell size?

A

need surface area to do cell processes

when cell is too big, the SA is too small = can’t function properly

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19
Q

differences of internal structure of prokaryote vs eukaryote?

A 
P: 
no membrane enclosed organelles
no nucleus
no cellulose in cell walls
no histones
E: 
membrane enclosed organelles
nucleus
cellulose in cell walls
DNA bound to histones
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20
Q

functions of membrane?

A
  1. permeability barrier: isolates inside from outside
  2. protein anchor: transport of molecules through proteins
  3. energy conservation: proton motive forces (ATP production)
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21
Q

types of membrane proteins?

A

sensors
adhesins
transporters
enzymes

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22
Q

structure of phospholipid bilayer?

A

FA attached to glycerol
ethanolamine group
hydrophillic head outside and tails inside

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23
Q

difference of membrane of archaea vs bacteria eukarya

A

bacteria eukarya: Fa is attached to glycerol by ESTER link

archaea: FA attached by ETHER link

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24
Q

how is the lipid bilayer stabillized in eukarya vs in bacteria and archaea?

A

eukarya: stabilized by sterol (has polar head, rigid planar steroid ring, nonpolar hydrocarbon tail)

bacteria and archaea: sterols are absent

bacteria: membrane stabilized by hopanoids

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25
storage of DNA in bacteria and archaea vs eukarya?
``` bacteria and archaea: -circular and double stranded haploid packed with proteins to form NUCLEOID -DNA in CYTOPLASM -contains plasmids ``` eukarya: - linear molecules - double stranded - diploid - packaged with proteins to form CHROMATIN FIBERS - DNA in NUCLEUS
26
role of ribosome?
translates mRNA into AA chains to form proteins
27
ribosome in prokaryote vs eukaryotes?
p: - free in cytoplasm or attached to cytoplasmic membrane - 30S + 50S subunits = 70S ribosome E: - free in cytoplasm or bound to ER - 40S + 60S = 80S ribosome
28
what is the Svedberg unit?
determines rate of sedimentation of a particle in an ultracentrifuge (for molecules that take a very long time to sediment. Uses high G force on particle) proportional to size,shape and density
29
role of cell wall in euk cells?
keeps shape of cell protects cell from outside composed of polysaccharides - plants: cellulose - fungi chitin
30
euchromatin vs heterochromatin in eukarya nucleus?
euchromatin: loosely packed, actively transcribed heterochromatin: densely packed = enzymes can't reach = little transcription
31
rough ER vs smooth ER?
rough: has ribosomes. need for protein synthesis - holes in ER membrane = SRP receptor (where protein is secreted into ER) smooth: no ribosomes - lipid synthesis
32
role of golgi body?
repackages, processes and distributes proteins into vesicles to be transported
33
parts and roles of mitochondria?
outer membrane: - 2 lipid bilayers - very porous and permeable to small molecules inner: - where respiration occurs - redox rxns to produce proton motive force matrix -contains enzymes, DNA, 70s ribsosomes
34
how many membranes does the mitochondria have?
2 (outer and inner)
35
parts of chloroplast?
outer membrane: -has porins inner membrane: -transport proteins thylakoids: - systen of sacks and tubules - has pigments that converts light to ATP - granum are stacks of thylakoids stroma: -circular DNA, 70S ribosomes, enzymes of calvin cycle
36
3 kinds of filaments in eukaryotic cytoskeleton?
microtubule actin (microfilaments) intermediate
37
function of actin/micro filaments?
maintain cell shape
38
function of microtubules? subunits?
subunits: alpha and beta maintains cell shape and allows movement (ie kinesin and dynein) - "highway" for transport of organelles and vesicles - originates from the centrosome (connects centrosome to edge of the cell
39
function of intermediate filament? subunits?
subunits: keratin, desmin, vimentin function: maintain cell shape and anchors organelles
40
role of centrioles and basal bodies?
organizing centers for microtubules 2 centrioles forms centrosome in middle of cell - to make flagella - composed of one complete microtubule and two partial microtubules (triplets) - centriole composition: 9 triplets of microtubules basal bodies: -centrioles that have migrated to cytoplasmic membrane
41
cilia and flagella?
9+2 (when microtubule is in middle) 9 sets of microtubule doublets
42
9+2 vs 9+0?
9+2 means microtubule is in middle 9+0 means no microtubule in middle
43
steps of gram staining?
1. flood heat fixed smear with crystal violet (results = all cels are purple) 2. add iodine solution (result = all cells are purple) 3. decolorize with alcohol (result = gram pos are purple and gram neg are colorless) 4. counterstain with safranin (result = gram post are purple and gram neg are red)
44
subunits of peptidoglycan?
NAG and NAM (sugars) - link between NAM and NAg is the target of lysozyme - NAM-NAG backbone gives rigidity to structure
45
what is transpetidation?
cross-linking in gram neg: direct cross-linking in gram pos: interbridge cross linking
46
peptidoglycan layer in gram pos vs gram neg?
pos: 90% of wall is peptidoglycan neg: 5-10% petidoglycan
47
role of alcohol in gram staining?
gram neg: removes outer membrane and thin peptidolycan layer gram pos: can't remove membrane b/c has very thick peptidoglycan layer
48
location of peptidoglycan?
in periplasm - space between cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane - has high conc of proteins = very dense = "protein gel"
49
outer membrane of gram neg?
2 layers: - inside: phospholipids - outside: lipopolysaccharide (LPS layer. helps protect bacteria from substances)
50
what is LPS?
- lipopolysaccharide - layer of air which keeps toxic compounds away (protection) - family of complex sugar polymers attached to lipid A - lipid A is toxic but is used by the immune system to detect pathogens
51
what is absent in cell wall of archaea?
peptidoglycan and outer membrane are absent
52
what is different about the link between sugars in cell walls of arcahea?
insensitive to lysozyme (in peptidoglycan, link of sugar backbone is targeted by lysozyme)
53
what is the S layer?
paracrystalline surface layer forms layer on top of petidoglycan (g pos) or on top of outer membrane (g neg) creates crystalline appearance under microscope
54
what is the capsule or slime layer?
composed of polysaccharides or proteins -heteropolysaccharides and homopolysaccharides protects layer against toxic substance. protects against host defense system
55
what are flagella?
- used for locomotion (motility) - surface appendage - types: monotrichous, petrichous, lophotrichous - not covered by membrane
56
how is flagellum synthesized?
polymerized at the top (not bottom)
57
what is taxis?
directed movement toward or away from physical or chemical gradients? chemotaxis, phototaxis, aerotaxis, osmotaxis
58
role of fimbriae?
attachment of the microorganism to surfaces (attached by sortase) found mostly on gram-neg bacteria
59
fimbriae of gram-pos vs gram-neg??
gram pos: - anchored in peptidoglycan - composed of pilin proteins - covalently linked to one another - assembled by sortases gramneg - anchored in outer membrane - composed of pilin - not covalently bound - accessory proteins are needed
60
what are endospores?
differentiated cells that are extremely resistant to harsh
61
what are endospores?
differentiated cells that are very resistant to harsh conditions (ie heat, radiation, chemicals, etc..) they are a dormant stage in the life cycle can easily be dispered (ie wind, water, etc...)
62
parts of the endospore? what is in the core?
exosporium (on outside) spore coat: layers of spore specific proteins cortex (thick layer of peptidoglycan. helps spore keep shape. gives protection) core: - contains Ca, DPA, SASP, DNA, proteins for germination
63
what is SASPS?
small acid soluble spore proteins binds to DNA to protect against damage
64
what is in the core of the endospore?
Ca, DPA, SASP, DNA, proteins for germination SASP: binds to DNA to protect it DPA and Ca: bind water = dehydrates core
65
what are the 2 cycles of endospore growth?
1. vegetative: when growing conditions are good = active growth 2. sporulation stages (bad growing conditions)
66
describe states of sporulation
2. cell is committed to cycle 3. mother cell grows around prespore 4. maturation (cell wall and membrane forms around prespore 5. spore coat 6 and 7. maturation and cell lysis. results in free matured endospore with DNA
67
what are cell inclusions?
stores of energy, nutrient, building blocks
68
what are viruses
obligate parasites (can't replicate itself = can only replicate inside host cells)
69
what are host cells
cells being infected, including all groups of cellular organisms
70
what are virions
form of virus existing as inert infectious particles (outside the host)
71
what is the capsid?
protein coat that encloses nucleic acid
72
what are the 2 viral classes?
DNA viruses RNA viruses
73
what supplies the building blocks and energy for new virus particles?
the host cells
74
how many proteins in simple vs comples viruses?
simple: 3 proteins complex: more than 100
75
what is the nucleocapsid?
nucleic acid + protein coat
76
what are capsomeres?
protein subunit that makes up the capsid (protein coat)
77
wht is the envelope (in virions)
lipid containing layer with embedded proteins
78
what is the envelope (in virions)
lipid containing layer with embedded proteins (virus specific and needed for attaching virus to host cell)
79
shapes of virions?
helical polyhedral (has spikes = important for attachment on host cells) complex
80
what are viroids
closed circles of single stranded RNA (240-380 nucleotides) replication depends on host machinery. Disease is caused by overtaking machinery by the viroid
81
what are prions? what do they cause?
consist of only one protein causes neurological degenerative disorders (ie mad cow diseas, scrapie, kuru) misfolded prion proteins PrPscinduces misfolding of PrPc protein (mostly found in neurons). PrPc doesn't replicate = accumulation of misfolded PrPsc = kills the cell
82
what is LTA and TA?
``` TA = teichoic acid LTA = lipoteichoic acid ```
83
where is the peptidoglycan located in gram neg?
in the periplasm (space delimited by cytoplasmic membrane and outer membrane) periplasm has high conc of proteins ("protein gel" b/c very dense)
84
describe composition of outer membrane of gram neg
LPS layer = protection from toxins and compounds lipid A = toxic KDO = links lipid A to polysaccharide chain O-sepcific polysaccharide = O antigen OMP = outer membrane proteins

LSCI230 (Microbiology) (4 decks)

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