Lecture 1+ 2

Question 1

what two abundant sources did life form from?

Answer 1

organic molecules and elements

Question 2

life’s chemistry formed from interactions between what two things?

Answer 2

surface of rocks and clays

Question 3

some abundant compounds formed in the earth’s crust are reactive. what reactions do they do?

Answer 3

electrochemical

Question 4

what are some main components of life?

Answer 4

water, macromolecules, polymers, common elements (iron/sulphur), etc

Question 5

how does water buffers the earth’s climate?

Answer 5

by buffering large temperature fluctuations

Question 6

where is energy sourced from for life?

Answer 6

electricity

Question 7

with what does water form barriers with?

Answer 7

hydrophobic molecules

Question 8

what does water allow/drive the shape and structure of?

Answer 8

molecules

Question 9

what does water transport?

Answer 9

substrates

Question 10

how does water form and break polymer bonds?

Answer 10

dehydration/condensation and hydrolysis

Question 11

what polymer can store energy?

Answer 11

lipid

Question 12

what type of energy does nucleic acid store and in what?

Answer 12

chemical energy in ATP

Question 13

what transfers electrons/carries energy?

Answer 13

simple aromatic compounds

Question 14

what thing (which there are 10 of) is essential to life?

Answer 14

metabolic intermediates

Question 15

where do metabolic intermediates originate from?

Answer 15

similar central point in contemporary metabolism

Question 16

metabolic intermediates contribute to the formation of what?

Answer 16

life’s polymers

Question 17

what can lipids grow into and form?

Answer 17

hydrophobic fatty acids (acyl chains)

Question 17

what are lipids made up of?

Answer 17

acetate

Question 18

saturated fatty acids (what type of bonds, what type of fat, what type of tail, can they freeze or not, example)

Answer 18

single bonds
solid fats
straight tails
can freeze e.g, butter

Question 19

unsaturated fatty acids (what type of bonds, physical property, found in what, can they freeze or not)

Answer 19

found in liquids/oils
cis double bond causes bending
spread out further apart
won’t freeze/solidify easily

Question 20

what is the overall phosphate head hydrophilic made up of? (3)

Answer 20

choline, glycerol and phosphate

Question 21

phospholipids form ______ —> _______________form _______ —> _______ may have formed the 1st ____

Answer 21

phospholipids form membranes —> membranes form vesicles —> vesicles may have formed the 1st cell

Question 22

polysaccharides defintion

Answer 22

made from repeated units connected by glycosidic bonds

Question 23

starch (stored in/as what, polymer of what)

Answer 23

stored as granules/chloroplasts, stored in plants, polymers of glucose monomers

Question 24

glycogen (stored in what, physical properties, polymer of what)

Answer 24

sugar storage in animals, denser and more branched —> MORE EFFICIENT FOR ANIMAL MOVEMENT, polymers of glucose monomers

Question 25

cellulose (found in what, polymer of what, physical properties, how can it be broken down)

Answer 25

wood, polymer of glucose (not branched and stored in cell wall), can be broken down by bacteria via fermentation

Question 26

chitin (found in what, polymer of what, chemical structure)

Answer 26

in exoskeletons of arthropods, polymer of glucose, glucose monomer has nitrogen containing appendage

Question 27

nucleoside

Answer 27

nitrogenous base + pentose sugar

Question 28

purine nitrogenous base

Answer 28

2 rings (A,G)

Question 29

pyrimidine nitrogenous base

Answer 29

1 ring (C, U, T)