Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharm & Ototoxicity > Lecture 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what is biochemistry

A

study of the molecular basis of life

scientific study of the chemical substances and processes of living matter.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Biochemistry can explain processes within other life science disciplines such as

A

Biotechnology and bioinformatics
Cell biology and signaling
Development and disease
Energy and metabolism
Genetics
Molecular biology
Plant biology
Pharmacology and ototoxicity (it is biochemistry at its core)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is an ion

A

an electrically charged atom or molecule formed by the loss or gain of one or more electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Each ring of an atom has a maximum number of electrons that it can hold

A

truee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The first (inner) ring can only hold

A

two electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

The second level can hold

A

eight electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

The third can hold

A

18 electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

The fourth holds

A

32 electrons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

positive charged ion – Na+

A

cation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

negative charged ion – Cl-

A

anion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

If an atomic shell has lost electrons, there will be more protons than electrons, giving the ion a _____ charge, one for each unbalanced proton

A

positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

If electrons are added to a shell, there will be more electrons than protons and the ion will be ______ charged, one for each extra electron

A

negatively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Such substances are also called electrolytes because

A

they facilitate conductance of electrical current

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The electrostatic attraction between +ve & -ve ions brings the particles together and creates an

A

ionic compound, such as sodium chloride – NACL (salt)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is a molecule

A

the smallest unit of a pure substance that has all of the properties of that substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

made up of two or more atoms linked by a chemical bond

A

molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The number of protons in the nucleus of the atom is equal to the

A

atomic number (Z)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

In general, atoms are most stable, i.e., least reactive, when

A

their outermost electron shell is full

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what makes up an uncharged atom

A

equal number of electrons and protons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

An uncharged atom (equal number of electrons and protons) may have balanced charges

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

But if its outer shell is not full it will be

A

chemically unstable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is a radical

A

an uncharged atom that has an outer shell not full and is chemically unstable?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

In humans, free oxygen radicals are released from many processes of cell chemistry

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

But too many free radicals damage other molecules over time, producing

A

some aging effects and probably some cancers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is a compound

A

combination of < 2 elements with a chemical union

These elements combine in a reproducible way

They can be converted into simpler forms by chemical means

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

loss of electrons = more protons = positive = anion

A

false
cation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is an example of a cation

A

sodium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

gain an electron = more electrons = negative = cation

A

false
anion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is an example of an anion

A

calcium?
CL-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what makes an ionic compound & an example

A

electrostatic attraction between +ve & -ve ions brings the particles together and creates this

sodium chloride – NACL (salt)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

common ions in the body & cochlea include

A

Na+, K+, Cl-

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

does perilymph have high or low potassium

A

low
endo has high

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

The smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of that element.

A

atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

electrically neutral, meaning the number of protons (positive charge) equals the number of electrons (negative charge)

A

atoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

An atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons, giving it a net electric charge.

A

ion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

A group of two or more atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction.

A

molecule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what are the differences between atoms, ions & molecules

A

Atoms are single units of elements with no charge (neutral).
Ions are charged atoms or molecules due to the loss or gain of electrons.
Molecules are combinations of two or more atoms bonded together, which can be either neutral or charged (if they form ionic compounds).

atoms are the building blocks of matter, ions are charged versions of these building blocks, and molecules are combinations of atoms bonded together.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

molecules or atoms that have an unpaired electron. This unpaired electron makes radicals highly reactive and capable of engaging in chemical reactions with other molecules.

A

radicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

molecules or atoms that have an unpaired electron. This unpaired electron makes radicals highly reactive and capable of engaging in chemical reactions with other molecules

A

radicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

molecule, atom, or ion that has an unpaired electron in its outer shell.
This unpaired electron makes free radicals highly reactive, as they tend to seek out and capture electrons from other molecules to achieve a more stable electron configuration.
\

A

free radical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

chemically bonded substance composed of two or more different elements in fixed proportions, exhibiting properties distinct from those of its individual elements

A

compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what are examples of compounds

A

Water (H₂O): A compound made of two hydrogen atoms bonded to one oxygen atom.
Sodium Chloride (NaCl): An ionic compound made from sodium ions and chloride ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

combination of two or more substances that are physically combined, not chemically bonded, and can be separated by physical means.

A

mixture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

the components of a mixture retain their individual properties and can vary in proportion

A

mixture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

heterogeneous mixture, is a type of mixture in which the components are not evenly distributed throughout the mixture.

A

Non-uniform mixture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

reproducible no matter how many times you do it & you can break it down

A

compound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

In biology, structures exist at all levels of organization, ranging in hierarchy from

A

Atomic
Molecular
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organism (a form of life, for e.g., an animal)
Population
Ecosystem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Usually, a higher-level structure is composed of multiple copies of a lower-level structure

A

true

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

An organism consists of

A

atoms, molecules, cells, and tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Chemistry is the branch of science that deals with

A

Identification of the substances of which matter is composed
The investigation of the properties of substances
The ways in which substances interact, combine, and change
The use of these processes to form new substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

graphical representation of the molecular structure showing how the atoms are arranged

A

structural formula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

biomolecular structure of a protein molecule

A

protein structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what are proteins

A

polypeptide sequences formed from the building blocks of many amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

everything in the body is

A

proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what are the different types of bonds

A

covalent
non covalent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what are examples of non covalent bonds

A

Electrostatic bonds (ionic)
Hydrogen bonds
Hydrophobic attractions
van der Waals bonds/forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

what are covalent bonds

A

bonding that happens bw nonmetals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms on different molecules

A

covalent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

found in molecules where atoms are bonded together by shared electrons.

A

covalent bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

strongest bonds in the body

A

covalent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

why are they the strongest covalent bonds in the body

A

it takes a lot of energy to break them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

covalent bonds are typically involved in drug receptor interactions

A

FALSE
they are not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

why are covalent bonds not involved in drug receptor interactions

A

medication has to come, attach to cell membrane and then go away

NEVER INVOLVED IN DRUG RECEPTORS because it has to make a change and then go away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

special type of force between a positive hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom, such as oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur

A

hydrogen bon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

weaker than covalent and ionic bonds

A

hydrogen bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

When atoms are close together, and several bonds are formed it ______ the strength of the bond

A

increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

igher boiling points than similarly sized molecules that do not have an -O-H or an -N-H group

A

hydrogen bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

makes the molecules “stickier”, and more heat is necessary to separate them

A

hydrogen bonding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Hydrogen bonds perform critical functions in the body, including

A

Holding the two strands of the DNA double helix together
Holding polypeptides together
Helping enzymes bind to their substrate
Helping antibodies bind to their antigen
Helping transcription factors bind to each other
Helping transcription factors bind to DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

electrostatic bonds between two ions of opposite charges

A

ionic bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

one has to be a metal and the other a nonmetal

A

ionic bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

electrostatic bonds between two ions of opposite charges

A

ionic bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

transfer of > one electrons from a metal onto a non-metal
Atoms with an excess of electrons (-vely charged atom) are attracted to atoms with a deficiency of electrons (+vely charged atom)

A

ionic bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

he most effective force in attracting drug molecules to a receptor site

A

ionic bon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Sodium (Na) (alkaline metal) and Chlorine (Cl)

A

ionic bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

Chlorine atom takes an electron from the sodium atom converting the atoms into ions (Na+) and (Cl-), which are now held together by their opposite electrical charge

A

ionic bond

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

Molecules can attract each other at moderate distances and repel each other at close range

A

van der waals bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

residual attractive/repulsive forces between molecules or atomic groups that do not arise from a covalent bond, or electrostatic interaction of ions, or ionic groups with one another, or with neutral molecules

A

van der waals bonds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

The bigger the atom or molecule the bigger the

A

Van der Waals’ force

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

describe van der Waals forces

A

They are the most common bond between atoms
They are weaker than covalent, ionic, or hydrogen bonds
These forces operate only when molecules pass very close to each other
They provide a weak force for some drugs and their receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

what is the strongest bond that happens in the environment or body

A

covalent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

would you like a covalent bond sitting on receptors for drugs? what happens with binding of this bond? why dont we want it with drrugs? why is it good in the body?

A

no
it can kill someone
it is very strong so you want it for amino acids but dont want the drugs stuck on cell membranes for forever

82
Q

when they get too close they repel
when they get further away they attract

A

Van der Waals bonds

83
Q

what are free radicals

A

they are bad if there are too many because they damage other cells over time and can cause unhealthy aging/cancer/inflammation etc.

they are end product of many chemical reactions so they are in the badly

84
Q

what is oxidation

A

loss of electrons

85
Q

what is reduction

A

gain of electrons

86
Q

what is redox

A

reaction of oxidation and reduction together

87
Q

can reduction happen without oxidation

A

NO
they are a matched set (redox reactions)

88
Q

half-reaction

A

each reaction by itself
oxidation and reduction happening by itself (doesn’t happen)

89
Q

describe oxidation

A

atoms that are metal will lose electrons (give them up) and when this happens it is + charge because it has more protons
become cations during oxidation periodd

90
Q

describe reduction

A

atoms of non metal will take them and reduced so they become anions (more electrons)
reduction

91
Q

what is oxidative stress

A

disturbance (imbalance) between the production of reactive oxygen species – ROS (includes free radicals and peroxides) produced by most body reactions, and a biologic system’s antioxidant defenses, which would allow it to easily repair the resulting damage

92
Q

condition characterized by an imbalance between the production of free radicals (reactive oxygen species, or ROS) and the body’s ability to neutralize them with antioxidants. This imbalance leads to damage of cells, proteins, and DNA, contributing to various diseases and aging processes

A

oxidative stress

93
Q

what do antioxidants do

A

ions that take up the free radicals

94
Q

two processes believed to go hand in hand (the two evil twins!), resulting in:
The aging process
Neurodegeneration
Diseases such as

A

oxidative stress and inflammation

95
Q

what can oxidative stress and inflammation result in

A

The aging process
Neurodegeneration
Diseases such as
diabetes
some cancers
aterosclerosis
parkinsons
alzheimers

96
Q

what is aterosclerosis

A

chronic condition characterized by the buildup of plaques within the walls of arteries, leading to the narrowing and hardening of these blood vessels. This process can significantly impede blood flow and is a major underlying cause of cardiovascular diseases such as heart attacks, strokes, and peripheral artery disease.

97
Q

Severe oxidative stress may cause cell death by

A

necrosis

98
Q

Moderate oxidation can trigger

A

apoptosis

99
Q

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are not always harmful and can be beneficial, such as

A

ROS is used by the immune system to attack and kill pathogens
ROS is used in cell signaling

100
Q

shuffling gate, difficulty starting and stopping movements, neurodegenerative, cognitive impairment over time

A

parkinsons

101
Q

necrosis vs apoptosis

A

passive, accidental cell death with subsequent inflammation

active, programmed cell death that avoids eliciting inflammation

102
Q

over production of ROS can cause

A

cell damage

103
Q

what is glutathione

A

naturally produced antioxidant found in plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria that protects cells from toxins such as free radicals

104
Q

found it aud/vestib system and is a protectant

A

Glutathione

105
Q

All cells in the body are capable of producing, but synthesis in the liver is essential

A

glutathione

106
Q

Reduced glutathione (GSH) has a strong ______-donating character

A

electron

107
Q

As electrons are lost in glutathione, the molecule becomes ______

A

oxidized

108
Q

Inflammation is part of the complex biological immune response of vascular tissues to harmful stimuli such as

A

pathogens (e.g. bacteria and virus)
physical trauma
chemical trauma (acid spill, etc.)

109
Q

what is the function of the immune system

A

white knights of the body
protect from everything

110
Q

what happens when the immune system goes ary and attacks itself

A

autoimmune disorders

111
Q

what are autoimmune disorders

A

autoimmune - MS, cogan’s, lupus, autoimmune inner ear disease, hashimotos (first diagnosed), rheumatoid arthritis, type i diabetes

112
Q

necessary response that allows the body to destroy invading organisms and repair itself (wound healing)

A

inflammation
immune response

113
Q

inflammatory response can stays in heightened response resulting in issues like cancers, reduced immunity etc.

A

normally self limiting
results in chronic inflammatory diseases

114
Q

what is chronic inflammation

A

pathological condition characterized by continued active inflammation response and tissue destruction

115
Q

The chronic inflammatory process induces ______ and reduces ________capacity

A

oxidative stress

cellular antioxidant

116
Q

Overproduced free radicals react with cell membrane fatty acids and proteins impairing their function permanently
In addition, free radicals can lead to

A

mutation and dna damage

117
Q

Risk factors of chronic inflammation, to name a few, include

A

Hypoxia (COPD?), obesity, hyperglycemia, and smoking

118
Q

There is now general consensus, that chronic inflammation can be a predisposing factor for

A

some cancers and accelerated aging

119
Q

It is also believed to play a serious role in a wide variety of age-related diseases including

A

diabetes, cardiovascular, and autoimmune disorders

120
Q

COPD

A

progressive lung disease characterized by chronic inflammation and obstruction of airflow in the lung

hard time breathing
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

121
Q

what is hypoxia

A

lack of o2

122
Q

most common cause of COPD

A

smoking

123
Q

what is accelerated aging

A

unhealthy aging, looks older than their age

124
Q

one of the triggers for autoimmune disorders

A

chronic inflammation & high ROS in the body

125
Q

Cardinal signs of inflammation

A

Redness
Vasodilation
Increased blood flow
Swelling
Edema, caused by accumulation of fluid outside blood vessels
Heat
Increased blood flow to the area
Fever is brought about by chemical mediators of inflammation and contributes to the rise in temperature at the injury site
Pain
Distortion of tissues caused by edema
Chemical mediators of inflammation such as prostaglandins
Loss of function
Because of pain or severe swelling that prevents movement

126
Q

redness

A

because of vasodilation
increased blood flow to the area
ex: mosquito bite (redness, bump)

127
Q

swelling

A

Edema, caused by accumulation of fluid outside blood vessels
tissue injury causes cells to ooze fluids outside itself resulting in this

128
Q

heat

A

Increased blood flow to the area
Fever is brought about by chemical mediators of inflammation and contributes to the rise in temperature at the injury site

fever is inflammation
increased blood flow causing heat

129
Q

pain

A

Distortion of tissues caused by edema
Chemical mediators of inflammation such as prostaglandins

without it, wouldn’t pay attention to the body or know if something was wrong
lets us know there is a problem
a lot of it could be pressure

130
Q

loss of function

A

Because of pain or severe swelling that prevents movement

papercut - dont want to exacerbate it so you baby it
you dont want to or cannot use that area

131
Q

what are enzymes

A

catalysts that speed up chemical reactions in the cells

132
Q

almost all enzymes are

A

proteins

133
Q

waht results in enzyme that can do actions

A

Organization of proteins into the 3-D structures

134
Q

Molecules at the beginning of the process

A

substrates

135
Q

In enzymatic reactions

A

The enzyme converts substrates into different molecules, and these are called the products

136
Q

An enzyme must briefly unite with at least one of the

A

reactants

137
Q

Enzymes end in …ase, of the name of compounds that they act on

A

true

138
Q

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

A

Enzyme and substrates can have specific shapes such that an enzyme may be specific for a specific substrate
If the enzyme and substrate shapers don’t match, a reaction may not occur
Or the enzyme can slightly modify its shape to accommodate several substrates

139
Q

Enzyme activity can be affected by

A

inhibitors and activators

140
Q

molecules that decrease enzyme activity

A

inhibitors

141
Q

molecules that increase enzyme activity

A

activators

142
Q

Enzyme activity also is affected by

A

Temperature, chemical environment (e.g. pH), and the concentration of the substrate

143
Q

Some enzymes are used commercially, for example

A

In the synthesis of antibiotics
Household products use enzymes to speed up biochemical reactions
Enzymes in biological laundry detergent break down protein or fat stains on clothes
Enzymes in meat tenderizers break down proteins making the meat easier to chew

144
Q

what is a receptor

A

protein molecule embedded in the cell surface or in the cytoplasm, which allows for communication between the cell and the world outside the cell

145
Q

what is the function of a receptor

A

allows extracellular molecules such as hormones, neurotransmitters, toxins, or drugs to attach to it resulting in a change in the cell function

146
Q

any drugs and poisons are enzyme ___

A

inhibitors

147
Q

extracellular molecules are also called

A

ligands

148
Q

receptor-ligand binding occurs by

A

ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals forces

149
Q

Some ligands (including drugs) just block receptors without resulting in any response
For example,

A

calcium channel “blocker” drugs act like plugs and are often used to treat hypertension

150
Q

is a recptor a protein

A

yes

151
Q

anything not part of the cell

A

ligand

152
Q

receptor vs ligand

A

receptor - in the cell
ligand - outside of the cell (can be in the body or food or medication)

153
Q

one cell membrane only has one receptor

A

FALSE
they span the cell membrane

154
Q

what is a hormone

A

chemical substance, usually a peptide or steroid, produced and released by one set of cells and conveyed by the bloodstream to another to effect physiological activity, such as growth or metabolism

chemical messengers that transports a signal from one cell to another

155
Q

do hormones need a large amount to alter cell metabolism

A

no
Hormones are powerful and only a small amount of a hormone is required to alter cell metabolism

156
Q

hormones are produced in one structure and carried by the bloodstream to other structures

A

true

157
Q

what hormone do we use in audiology?

A

corticosteroids

158
Q

ex of hormones

A

Thyroid hormone, cortisol, estrogen, and testosterone

159
Q

what hormone do we use in audiology?

A

corticosteroids

160
Q

what is a NT

A

chemical messenger that carries, boosts, and modulates signals between neurons and other cells in the body

161
Q

neurotransmitter is released from the axon terminal after an action potential has reached the synapse

A

YES

162
Q

what is reuptake

A

one cell releases it and the other cells takes it
the neurotransmitter attaches to the receptor site and is reabsorbed by the neuron

163
Q

how many NT exist

A

Scientists do not yet know exactly how many neurotransmitters exist, but more than 100 chemical messengers have been identified

164
Q

which NT is lacking in parkinsons

A

dopamine

165
Q

Neurotransmitters can be classified by

A

function

166
Q

neurotransmitters have excitatory effects on the neuron
bring about an action

A

Excitatory neurotransmitters

167
Q

neurotransmitters have inhibitory effects on the neuron

A

inhibitory NT

168
Q

Major excitatory neurotransmitters include

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

169
Q

what is adrenaline

A

epinephrine

170
Q

ome neurotransmitters, such as acetylcholine and dopamine, can have both excitatory and inhibitory effects depending upon the type of receptors that are present

A

true

171
Q

Major inhibitory neurotransmitters include

A

serotonin and GABA

172
Q

voluntary movement of the skeletal muscles (via the sympathetic pathways)

A

acetycholine

173
Q

wakefulness or arousal - via the sympathetic pathway

A

Norepinephrine

174
Q

voluntary movement and motivation, “wanting”, pleasure, associated with addiction and love

A

dopamine

175
Q

memory, emotion, wakefulness, sleep and temperature regulation (association with depression?)

A

Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT)

176
Q

inhibition of motor neurons; major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system

A

Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)

177
Q

spinal reflexes and motor behavior

A

Glycine

178
Q

excitatory stimulation

A

glutamate

179
Q

increase likelihood that neurons will fire an action potential

A

Excitatory neurotransmitters

180
Q

which disease is seratonin involved in

A

depression

181
Q

decrease the likelihood that neurons will fire an action potential

A

inhibitory neurotransmitters

182
Q

substance, other than a neurotransmitter, released by a neuron and transmitting information to other neurons, thereby altering their activities

A

neuromodulator

183
Q

produce a more diffuse response, and are released throughout the central nervous system

A

neuromodulator

184
Q

play a role in sensory transmission, especially pain

A

neuromodulators

185
Q

modulates pain

A

substance P

186
Q

involved in addiction

A

dopamine and nicotine

187
Q

Some organs can secrete chemicals that work close to them
These chemicals work locally and are not released into the systemic circulation

A

local chemicals

188
Q

Organic nitrogenous compound involved in local immune responses - allergies

A

histamine

189
Q

A group of hormone-like lipids compounds made at the site of tissue damage or infection

A

prostaglandins

190
Q

prostaglandins are involved in dealing with injury and illness, controlling processes such as

A

Inflammation
Blood flow
Formation of blood clots
Induction of labor

191
Q

not a true hormone but are hormone like

A

Prostaglandins

192
Q

both in the immune system and involved in the local chemicals

A

histamine
prostaglandins

193
Q

why should we study pharmacology as aud

A

There are ~2,000 drugs and > 400 side effects that could impact the audiologic/vestibular system, it’s evaluation/management, i.e.,
Obtaining an accurate case history and/or test results, which might lead to a misdiagnosis of auditory-vestibular problems

194
Q

Adverse drug reactions that can affect auditory-vestibular systems

A

Hearing loss

Tinnitus

Vestibular dysfunction (for several drug classes)
vertigo, dizziness, disbalance, ataxia, and abnormal eye movements

Cognitive issues
Confusion, short- and long-term memory deficit, delirium, & dementia, which may affect processing of auditory information and poor WRS

Combination of the above symptoms

195
Q

when you have VOR dysfunction?

A

oscillopsia - environment jumps with you

196
Q

abnormal eye movements?

A

nystagmus

197
Q

Audiologists can be a valuable resource to patients and other health care professionals to

A

determine if an auditory-vestibular manifestation may be caused by a chemical such as a drug

198
Q

Audiologists need to have the knowledge base to

A

recognize and prevent an ototoxic effect of a chemical

to recognize and manage an ototoxic effect once it has occurred

199
Q

Test inaccuracies due to patient confusion/cognitive deficits may be caused by adverse effects of medication and also can affect test-retest reliability

A

true

200
Q

Pharmacological case history begins with

A

What medications are you currently taking (dose and frequency)?
What condition is this medication being taken for?
How long have you been taking these medication(s)

201
Q

why is the question How long have you been taking these medication important

A

important to establish a time-line between the onset of the use of the medication and presentation of symptoms
For e.g., if dizziness, tinnitus, or hearing loss occurred within a short time after patient started taking the medicine it helps rule out a medical pathology as a cause of the symptoms

202
Q

how do you prevent an ototoxic event

A

if you know they are taking this, let physician know it is ototoxic and think about changing the medication

203
Q

what do you do after it has occured

A

monitor it long term
usually progressive ototoxic so hl will progress

Pharm & Ototoxicity (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions