lecture 1,2

Question 1

What does the CNS develop from ?

Answer 1

Embryonic neural tube

Question 2

What is the major divisions of the brain made of ?

Answer 2

anterior end of neural tube swells becoming the manjor divisons :
1. forebrain
2. midbrain
3. hindbrain

Question 3

What is the neural tubes 2 diff sides ?

Answer 3

anterior (rostral)
posterior (caudel)

Question 4

What are the 3 parts of the primary brain vesicles ?

Answer 4

Prosencephalon (forebrain)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

Question 5

What constituetes the brain stem ?

Answer 5

midbrain
pons
medulla

Question 6

What does the Hind brain (Rhombacephalon) consist of ?

Answer 6

cerebellum
pons
medulla

Question 7

Function of cerrebellum ?

Answer 7

little brain
motor control
posture
co-ordination of movement

Question 8

Function of Pons ?

Answer 8

bridge
between cortex and cerebellum
motor control

Question 9

Function of medulla ?

Answer 9

regulated breathing
circulation
some mottor functions -swallowing,vomiting

Question 10

What does the midbrain do ?

Answer 10

processes (inferior colliculous ) auditory and visual (super colliculous) information

Question 11

What does the diencephalon consist of ?

w

Answer 11

consists of thalamus and hypothalamus

Question 12

What does the Thalamus consist of ?

Answer 12

Sensory relay centre for information going to the cerebral cortex (skeletal muscle ,coordiantion )

Question 13

What does the hypothalamus do ?

Answer 13

Regulated water balance feeding ,emotions(via limbic system )
reproduction
body temp
ANS functions
circadian rhythms

Question 14

Whar is the Telencephalon ?

Answer 14

surrounds the diencephalon

Question 15

What is the cerebral hemispheres ?

Answer 15

2 of them
right and left
involved in sensory perception
learning
memory
cocnscious memory
outer layer -gray matter& inner white

Question 16

What is the corpus callosum ?

Answer 16

axonal projections (tracks of myelinated fibres ) which connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres

Question 17

What is Alzheimers ?

Answer 17

most common form of dementia affects 6 in every 10 people
clinical hallmarks
1. Beta amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tau tangles
2.people exhibit both cognitive and non cognitive symptoms

shrinkage of cerebral cortex and hippocampus

Question 18

What is the PNS ?

Answer 18

prephiral nervous sytem
providing links berween our brains (CNS) and the world

Question 18

What are the meninges ?

Answer 18

3 meningeal layers enclose the brain abnd spinal cord and their blood vessels :outer-to innermost :
Dura,arachnoid,pia matter

Question 19

Where does the CSF flow in ?

Answer 19

in subarachnoid space;returned to venous blood via arachnoid granulations
draining into sinus shown above

Question 20

What are the ventricles in the brain ?

Answer 20

continuous with each other and with central canal of the spinal cord
chambers within ventricles filled with Cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 21

What are ependymal cells and how do they work ?

Answer 21

have cillia which helps circulate the CSF
some specialised cells of Chloroid plexus found within the ventricles themselves prod CSF

Question 22

What are the 3 aperatures ?

Answer 22

openings
mark the walls of the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid and pia matter
CSF eventually drains into superior sagittal sinus

Question 23

What is the function of CSF and what does it do ?

Answer 23

forms a protective cushion provides buoyancy to structure within the CNS

CSF is similar to blood plasma from which it is formed (less protein)

Question 24

What is hydrocephalus ?

Answer 24

neurological disorder caused by excess build-up of CSF in the vetricles (puts pressure on brain)
whcih can result in wide range of symptoms
Congentical hydrocephalus present at birth:can be caused by spina bifida
Acquired hydrocephalus :develops at time-point after birth
Normal pressure hydrocephalus: people over 60