Lecture 1-2

Question 1

A genetic factor that helps determine characteristics is a…

Answer 1

gene

Question 2

Two or more alternate forms of a gene are called…

Answer 2

alleles

Question 3

What is the location on a chromosome occupied by an allele

Answer 3

locus

Question 4

A specific set of alleles possessed by an organism is the organisms…

Answer 4

genotype

Question 5

What is the term for an organism that carries two different alleles at a locus

Answer 5

heterozygote

Question 6

What is the term for an organism that carries two of the same alleles at a locus

Answer 6

homozygote

Question 7

What is the visual manifestation of characteristics

Answer 7

phenotype/trait

Question 8

Who discovered the basic principles of heredity

Answer 8

Mendel

Question 9

What did Mendel use in his study

Answer 9

pea plants

Question 10

What was the general consensus of Mendels study

Answer 10

Taking one homozygous dominant parent and one homozygous recessive parent produces a heterozygous F1 product, however when the F1 plant self reproduces, 1/4 homozygous dominant, 1/2 heterozygous, and 1/4 homozygous recessive products are formed

Question 11

What is the ratio in F1 heterozygous self reproduction

Answer 11

9:3:3:1

Question 12

What is non-disjunction

Answer 12

When an error in cell division occurs and one daughter cell holds two sister chromatids and one daughter cell lacks a chromatid

Question 13

What is the common result of recessive gene mutations

Answer 13

loss of gene function

Question 14

What is a null/amorphic allele

Answer 14

a recessive mutation where either a non-functional protein is produced or no protein is produced at all (overall; no function)

Question 15

What is a hypomorphic allele

Answer 15

a recessive mutation where a poorly functioning protein is produced or reduced amounts of a normally functioning protein are produced (overall; less function)

Question 16

What is the “and” rule in terms of fractions

Answer 16

multiply the fractions

(ie. rolling a dice has a 1/6 chance of rolling a 4, so if you roll the dice twice what are the odds you’ll role a 4 on the first AND second roll; 1/6 x 1/6 = 1/36)

Question 17

What is the “or” rule in terms of fractions

Answer 17

add the fractions

(ie. rolling a dice has a 1/6 chance of rolling a 4 or a 1/6 chance of rolling a 3, what are the odds you roll a 3 OR a 4; 1/6 + 1/6 = 1/3)

Question 18

What is the common result of a dominant gene mutation

Answer 18

a gain/change in gene function

Question 19

What is a dominant hypermorphic allele

Answer 19

over-production of protein or increased activity levels of proteins - resulting in negative phenotypic consequences

Question 20

What is a neomorphic allele

Answer 20

protein present that has a new function, or when the altered protein has negative impacts on the wild type - resulting in negative phenotypic consequences

Question 21

For traits that are rare and dominant, are affected individuals more likely to be homozygous or heterozygous and why

Answer 21

heterozygous - if the trait is RARE, then the dominant allele is rare in the population, and breeding between two heterozygotes to achieve a homozygous dominant product would be very rare since most do not carry the dominant allele to begin with

Question 22

Practice the take home problem at the end of lectures 1-2 slides (answer on back of card)

Answer 22

1/6 chance of having an albino child