lecture 1 & 2 Flashcards
8 cranial bones
temporal (2), parietal (2), occipital (1), ethmoid (1), sphenoid (1)
14 facial bones
maxilla (2), zygomatic (2), nasal (2), mandible (1), inferior nasal concha (2), palatine (2), lacrimal (2), vomer (1)
what bones make up the axial skeleton
skull, mandible, sternum, ribs, vertebral column, sacrum
list what is inside a synovial joint and what is outside of it
inside= synovial fluid, joint capsule with 2 membranes
outside = bursa, nerves, ligament, discs, labrum
define synovial joints
encapsulated by ligament tissue
has synovial fluid inside
diarthrosis - freely movable
define fibrous joint
has no joint cavity
little movement
articulating bones are held closely together by dense connective tissue
name the 3 structural joints
fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial
define joint
a point of contact between two bones
list the 2 types of bone tissue
1) compact - outside of bone, strong
2) spongy , inside of bone
list the 6 functions of bone
protection
support
assist movement
mineral homeostasis
blood cell production
triglyceride storage
what is a fissure ?
narrow long slit opening in a bone
what is a foramen
rounded opening through a bone
define fossa
shallow articulating bone
name the carpals
some lovers try positions that they cant handle
scaphoid
lunate
triquetrum
pisform
trapezium
trapezoid
capitate
hamate
define synchondrosis
a cartilaginous joint
connected by cartilage
slightly moveable
name the 3 types of cartilaginous joints
1) synchondrosis
2)symphysis
3) epiphyseal cartilage
define syndesmosis
looks like a ligament
made of connective tissue
slight movement
name the 4 joint movements
uniaxial - knee
biaxial - jaw
multiaxial - hip, shoulder
non -axial - intercarpal joints
list some sagittal joints
hip
shoulder
knee ‘elbow
wrist
metacarpophalangeal, metatarsalpholangeal, intercarpal joints
name the ear ossicles
stapes
incus
maleus
list the 6 types of joints
ball and hinge
pivot
plane
synovial
saddle
condyloidl
list the 4 T’s of palpation
temperature
tenderness
texture
tone
list some differences of the female and male skeleton
female : smaller teeth, wider pelvis, less pronounced facial features
male : thicker, longer limbs, longer digits
define each:
diarthrosis
amphiarthrosis
synarthrosis
freely moving joint
slightly moving joint
immovable joint
list the 6 types of bones
1)short - carpals, tarsals
2) long - femur, humerus
3) flat - sternum, ribs
4 ) irregular - coccyx, hyoid
5) sesamoid - patella
6 ) suture
describe the 3 planes of motion with an example
Sagittal - diving the body left and right , flexion/extension, dorsiflexion, plantarflexion
Transverse - diving the body into upper and lower - supination/pronation, spinal rotation, internal / external rotation
Coronal / frontal - diving the body front and back - lateral flexion, adduction, abduction
3 types of muscle tissue
cardiac, skeletal, smooth
list the 4 functions of muscle tissue
1)produce body movement
2)stabilize body positions
3)storing and moving substances around
4)generate heat when muscle contracts
4 properties of muscle tissue
electrical excitability
contractility
extensibility
elasticity
what do tendons attach
bone to muscle
is a muscle contracture normal ?
NO
its a abnormal state, muscle is reduced in length
describe the agonist, antagonist and synergist in muscle coordination
agonist - prime mover
antagonist - opposing muscle
synergist - helps the antagonist with movement
describe the muscle contractions:
concentric
eccentric
isometric
isotonic
concentric - muscle contracts
eccentric - muscle elongates
isometric- muscle doesn’t change in length - not moving
isotonic - muscle chnages in length /moves7
define bursa
small fluid filled sac , cushions movement
found in area where lots of tendons and bones cause friction
where is the labrum found and what is the purpose of it
found outside a synovial joint
deepens the socket making it more stable
what makes up the CNS
brain and spinal cord, nerves
what makes up the PNS
nerves and everything else
what muscle tissue is non striated
smooth
functions of muscle tissue (4)
produces body movements
stabilizes body positions (standing/sitting)
storing and moving substances around the body
generates heat
what is a muscle cell surrounded by
endomysium covering
define fascicle and what surrounds them
bundles of muscle cells covered by perimysium covering
define epimysium
many fascicles joined together to form a muscle, covered by epimysium
endomysium
fascicle
perimysium
epimysium
what plane of movement is circumduction
, sagittal, coronal
what is a protuberance
projection of a bone
define fossa
shallow articulating bone
define tuberacle
small rounded projection
define tuberosity
large rounded projection
define trochanter
large blunt knob
properties of muscle tissue
electrical excitability
contractility
extensibility
elasticity
what bones make up the shoulder girdle
clavicle and scapula
Define palpation
placement of the therapists hand on the pt’s tissues to assess their condition
what is a malleolus
rounded process at the end of a bone
define facet
smooth flat articular surface
define fovea
small pit
define groove or sulcus
elongated depression
define sinus in a bone
hollow space
types of muscle fibres (3)
slow oxidative
fast oxidative
fast glycolytic
what does the labrum do
deepens the socket, making joint more stable k
name the 3 types of cartilage
hyaline, fibrous, elastic
the muscle attachment to the stationary bone is called what?
origin
the muscle attachment to the movable bone is called what?
insertion
list some special movements that only occur at certain synovial joints
protraction, retraction
elevation, depression
eversion, inversion
pronation, supination
radial deviation, ulnar deviation
oppostion
dorsiflexion, plantar flexion
what is an example of angular movement
adduction
abduction
circumduction
lateral flexion
what is an example of flexion, extension, adduction, abduction all at the same time
what planes do they occur in
circumduction
sagittal and coronal
define angular movement
movement that changes the angle between two articulating bones
define gliding
movement where flat bone surfaces move back and forth or side to side
ex) intercarpals and intertarsals
what movements can ball and socket joint do
flexion/extension, adduction, abduction, rotation
define saddle joint
one surface shaped like a saddle and the other fits in
flexion/extension
adduction/abduction
sagittal/coronal
biaxial movement
example of pivot joint
rounded or pointed sur
head of radius rotating against ulna
what movements does a condyloid joint allow for
flexion/extension
abduction/adduction
biaxial
example of hinge joint
elbow
only flexion/extension
uniaxial
example of plane or gliding joint
carpals
biaxial
