Reproductive and Developmental Biology > Lecture 1 (1a&b) - Maximizing Reproductive Success > Flashcards

Lecture 1 (1a&b) - Maximizing Reproductive Success Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the purpose of reproduction?

A
  • the processs by which parents produce the first filial generation
  • parental generation produces offspring = first filial generation F1
  • F1 generation acts as parents to F2
  • purpose of reproduction is to produce the 2nd… filial generation
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2
Q

Lifetime reproductive output

A
  • number of offspring born to a parent in the F1 generation
  • LRO = product of fecundity (fertility) x fertile lifespan

(number of offspring x # of time you reproduce)

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3
Q

What determines LRO?

A
  • fecundity
  • semelparous vs iteoparous
  • fertile lifespan
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4
Q

Fecundity

(dependent upon…)

A
  • number of fertile matings
    • mate density
    • success in courting (and retaining a mate)
    • success in mating
  • fertility of individual
  • feterility of partners (sexual reproduction)
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5
Q

Semelparous

A

a single episode of reproduction before death

(eg pacific salmon)

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6
Q

Iteroparous

A

several rounds of reproduction before death

  • with same partner = monogamous
  • with different partners = polygamous

polygamy:

  • polygynous = 1 male, several females
  • polyandrous = 1 female, several males
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7
Q

Fertile life span

(dependent upon…)

A
  • age at first fertile mating
    • rate of devolopment (precocity)
    • success in courting a mate
    • success in mating
  • age at last fertile mating (~= survival)
    • usually determined by death
    • menopause is rare
      • ie mating not until death
      • but exists in human females and elephants
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8
Q

What is lifetime reproductive success?

A
  • number of fertile offspring born to a parent in the F1 generation
  • number of offspring attributable to a “grandparent” in the F2 generation
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9
Q

When might lifetime reproductive success be less than lifetime reproductive output?

A

sterile matings

  • eg mule is sterile
    • mule = mother is a horse
    • hinney = mother is a donkey
  • eg tigons and ligers have decreased fertility
    • liger = mom tiger
    • tigon = mom lion
      • lions in Africa, tigers in Asia = geographically reproductively isolated
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10
Q

What determines lifetime reproductive success?

A
  • LRO
  • fecundity/fertility of F1
  • probability that F1 survive to sexual maturity / achieve fertility
  • LRS WILL ALWAYS** BE LESS THAN LRO**
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11
Q

Types of asexual reproduction

A
  • binary fission
  • multiple fission
  • budding
  • fragmentation
  • vegetative propagation
  • apomixis
  • parthenogenesis
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12
Q

Binary fission

A
  • parent cell splits into two identical daughter cells
  • uses just mitosis
  • mother cell is gone
  • eg archaea, eubacteria
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13
Q

Multiple Fission

A
  • parent cell replicates nucleus then splits into several identical daughter cells
  • mother cell gone also
  • eg protista
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14
Q

Budding

A
  • “daughter” cell divides from “mother cell”
  • mother still exists (unlike binary and multiple fission)
  • eg S. cerevisiae and hydra
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15
Q

Fragmentation

A
  • offspring regenerate from fragments (fissiparity)
  • eg annelids, turbellarians, starfish
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16
Q

Vegetative propagation

A
  • plants and fungi
  • similar to fragmentation
  • new plants develop from the buds of the runner in eg strawberries
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17
Q

Apomixis

A
  • agamospermy
  • in plants
  • asexual seeds
  • no meiosis or gametes
  • seeds not formed by fertilization by sperm
  • eg dandelions in absence of pollinizing insects
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18
Q

Parthenogenesis

A
  • in animals
  • unfertilized “egg” forms embryo
  • invertebrates: Daphnia, rotifers, aphids, stick insects, hymenoptera (including parasitic wasps)
  • vertebrates: bonnethead shark (females make babies), komodo dragos, green whiptail lizards (?), turkeys
  • not naturally in mammals
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19
Q

Pros of ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

A
  • simple - only need 1 type of cell division (mitosis)
  • can occur in absence of partner (fast)
  • avoid risks intrinsic to sexual reproduciton (eg predation, physiological stress, disease)
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20
Q

Cons of ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

A
  • all offspring are clones
  • can’t select for favorable traits
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21
Q

Cons of SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

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A
  • requires second type of cell division
    • reproductive division from diploid to haploid (meiosis)
  • required to locate/select/court/mate with a partner
  • dilution of alleles (only 50% related to F1)
    • entrust future of female alleles
  • high energetic cost
    • producing germ cells
    • locating/courting partner
    • mating
    • nourishing and nurturing offspring
  • high biological risks
    • untested alleles (?)
    • predation
    • disease
22
Q

Pros of SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

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A
  • genetic variation between offspring
    • 2 genetically dissimilar parents
    • diakinesis (recombination of grandparental genes)
  • raw material for evolution
  • sexual species have highly evolved features
    • eg CVS, CNS
23
Q

Which is better - sexual or asexual reproduction?

Study These Flashcards
A
  • if the environment is stable –> asexual reproduction is better
  • but generally sexual reproduction is better
  • CONTEXT DEPENDENT
24
Q

How can a sexually reproducing organism maximize its LRO?

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A
  • maximize number of reproductive partners (polygamy should be the rule)
  • maximize the number of germ cells produced
  • maximize the probability of fertilization
  • minimize the interval between offspring
    • gestation short and quick
    • have another baby quickly after the last one
25
Strategy for flowering plants (angiosperms)
* multiple partners * lots of germ cells (pollen) * fertilization by wind, water, animals * seasonal production of seeds * season for producing seeds and season for setting seed
26
Strategy for aquatic invertebrates
* multiple partners * lots of germ cells (eggs and milt) * fertilization in water "by chance" * a "numbers game"
27
Strategy for elasmobranchs and teleosts
* multiple partners * lots of germ cells (eggs and milt) * fertilization in water at spawning grounds (timed external fertilization) * not random, timed/synchronized, external fertilization * fertilization can be internal
28
Strategy for amphibia
* polygamy * lots of germ cells (eggs and sperm) * fertilization in water at spawning * synchronous external fertilization or * indirect internal fertilization * eg salamanders (female walks over sperm, taken up)
29
Strategy for rerrestrial invertebrates
* polygamy and monogamy * lots of germ cells (eggs and sperm) * fertilization - indirect or direct internal * spermatophore/intromissive organ * sperm can't be left outside on land - dries out
30
Strategy for terrestrial vertebrates
* polygamy and monogamy * fewer germ cells (eggs and sperm) * fertilization (internal)
31
Purpose of egg
* yolk sac for nourishment * keeps egg sac from drying out * reproduction needs fluid
32
Reptilian vs Avian eggs
* avian eggs = completely impervious to gasses - cracks * reptile eggs permeate to gas - tears
33
Strategy for mammals Stages of development
* oocyte - female germ cell, haploid (via meiosis) * zygote - diploid, joining of male and female germ cells, ~ single-celled embryo * embryo - organogenesis, ball of cells developing * fetus - once all organs are present (after about 6 weeks in mammals, then just grows) * infant - newborn
34
When is a mammal born?
see different types of mammals
35
Types of mammals
* Protheria = monotremes * Metatheria = marsupials * Eutheria = placental
36
Protheria
* monotremes * mammals that lay eggs instead of giving birth to live young * eg echidna, platypus * lay eggs that stay in the pouch * leathery eggs - like reptiles * inside egg = embryo (already fertilized) * only one with chance to survive without parent
37
Metatheria
* contains placental mammals, and others * living mammals with abdominal pouches * eg kangaroos, possums, etc * accommodate neonates in abdominal pouches
38
Eutheria
* placental mammals * give birth to live young
39
Strategy for eutheria
* polytocus - producing many offspring in a single birth * several oocytes to several embryos * monotocus - producing a single offspring in a single birth * ~ single embryos
40
Modes of reproduction Species can be...
* oviparous * viviparous * ovoviviparous
41
Oviparous
* lay **eggs** * pre-/post-fertilization * **nutrition **from egg **yolk** * lay eggs with little/no embryonic development within the mother
42
Viviparous
* give birth to **live young** * **nutrition **from **parent** * eg placenta * development of the embryo inside the body of the mother
43
Ovoviviparous
* give birth to ** live young** * **nutrition** from egg **yolk** * embryos develop inside eggs that are retained within the mother's body until they are ready to hatch
44
Modes of reproduction species can be:
* r-selected * K-selected
45
r-selected species
* reproduce and develop **rapidly** * highly **prolific** * eg polytocus * **little/no parental** investment * eg most insects
46
K-selected species
* reproduce a d develop **slowly** * **few offpring** * eg monotocus * **high **level of **parental investment** * eg humans * population may be at carrying capacity
47
What determines LRS?
* LRO * fecundity/fertility of F1 * probability that F1 survive to sexual maturity / achieve fertility * because this probability is usually less than 1, LRS is always less than LRO
48
What would influence the probability of offspring surviving to sexual maturity?
* rate of development * precocious = fast * survival * starvation (most likely) * predation * disease which of these can a parent influence and how? * rate of development * fed more = faster development (with genetics too) * starviation * bring food/milk * help avoid predation
49
Reproduction and development are...
interdependent parenting can influence both
50
Balancing investment
producing gametes side = aquatic invertebrates (can't control where sperm/eggs go) parental care side = mammals
51
Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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