Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Reproductive and Developmental Biology > Lecture 1 (1a&b) - Maximizing Reproductive Success > Flashcards

Lecture 1 (1a&b) - Maximizing Reproductive Success Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the purpose of reproduction?

A
  • the processs by which parents produce the first filial generation
  • parental generation produces offspring = first filial generation F1
  • F1 generation acts as parents to F2
  • purpose of reproduction is to produce the 2nd… filial generation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Lifetime reproductive output

A
  • number of offspring born to a parent in the F1 generation
  • LRO = product of fecundity (fertility) x fertile lifespan

(number of offspring x # of time you reproduce)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What determines LRO?

A
  • fecundity
  • semelparous vs iteoparous
  • fertile lifespan
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Fecundity

(dependent upon…)

A
  • number of fertile matings
    • mate density
    • success in courting (and retaining a mate)
    • success in mating
  • fertility of individual
  • feterility of partners (sexual reproduction)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Semelparous

A

a single episode of reproduction before death

(eg pacific salmon)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Iteroparous

A

several rounds of reproduction before death

  • with same partner = monogamous
  • with different partners = polygamous

polygamy:

  • polygynous = 1 male, several females
  • polyandrous = 1 female, several males
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Fertile life span

(dependent upon…)

A
  • age at first fertile mating
    • rate of devolopment (precocity)
    • success in courting a mate
    • success in mating
  • age at last fertile mating (~= survival)
    • usually determined by death
    • menopause is rare
      • ie mating not until death
      • but exists in human females and elephants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is lifetime reproductive success?

A
  • number of fertile offspring born to a parent in the F1 generation
  • number of offspring attributable to a “grandparent” in the F2 generation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When might lifetime reproductive success be less than lifetime reproductive output?

A

sterile matings

  • eg mule is sterile
    • mule = mother is a horse
    • hinney = mother is a donkey
  • eg tigons and ligers have decreased fertility
    • liger = mom tiger
    • tigon = mom lion
      • lions in Africa, tigers in Asia = geographically reproductively isolated
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What determines lifetime reproductive success?

A
  • LRO
  • fecundity/fertility of F1
  • probability that F1 survive to sexual maturity / achieve fertility
  • LRS WILL ALWAYS** BE LESS THAN LRO**
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Types of asexual reproduction

A
  • binary fission
  • multiple fission
  • budding
  • fragmentation
  • vegetative propagation
  • apomixis
  • parthenogenesis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Binary fission

A
  • parent cell splits into two identical daughter cells
  • uses just mitosis
  • mother cell is gone
  • eg archaea, eubacteria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Multiple Fission

A
  • parent cell replicates nucleus then splits into several identical daughter cells
  • mother cell gone also
  • eg protista
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Budding

A
  • “daughter” cell divides from “mother cell”
  • mother still exists (unlike binary and multiple fission)
  • eg S. cerevisiae and hydra
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Fragmentation

A
  • offspring regenerate from fragments (fissiparity)
  • eg annelids, turbellarians, starfish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Vegetative propagation

A
  • plants and fungi
  • similar to fragmentation
  • new plants develop from the buds of the runner in eg strawberries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Apomixis

A
  • agamospermy
  • in plants
  • asexual seeds
  • no meiosis or gametes
  • seeds not formed by fertilization by sperm
  • eg dandelions in absence of pollinizing insects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Parthenogenesis

A
  • in animals
  • unfertilized “egg” forms embryo
  • invertebrates: Daphnia, rotifers, aphids, stick insects, hymenoptera (including parasitic wasps)
  • vertebrates: bonnethead shark (females make babies), komodo dragos, green whiptail lizards (?), turkeys
  • not naturally in mammals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Pros of ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

A
  • simple - only need 1 type of cell division (mitosis)
  • can occur in absence of partner (fast)
  • avoid risks intrinsic to sexual reproduciton (eg predation, physiological stress, disease)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cons of ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION

A
  • all offspring are clones
  • can’t select for favorable traits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cons of SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

A
  • requires second type of cell division
    • reproductive division from diploid to haploid (meiosis)
  • required to locate/select/court/mate with a partner
  • dilution of alleles (only 50% related to F1)
    • entrust future of female alleles
  • high energetic cost
    • producing germ cells
    • locating/courting partner
    • mating
    • nourishing and nurturing offspring
  • high biological risks
    • untested alleles (?)
    • predation
    • disease
22
Q

Pros of SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

A
  • genetic variation between offspring
    • 2 genetically dissimilar parents
    • diakinesis (recombination of grandparental genes)
  • raw material for evolution
  • sexual species have highly evolved features
    • eg CVS, CNS
23
Q

Which is better - sexual or asexual reproduction?

A
  • if the environment is stable –> asexual reproduction is better
  • but generally sexual reproduction is better
  • CONTEXT DEPENDENT
24
Q

How can a sexually reproducing organism maximize its LRO?

A
  • maximize number of reproductive partners (polygamy should be the rule)
  • maximize the number of germ cells produced
  • maximize the probability of fertilization
  • minimize the interval between offspring
    • gestation short and quick
    • have another baby quickly after the last one
25
Q

Strategy for flowering plants (angiosperms)

A
  • multiple partners
  • lots of germ cells (pollen)
  • fertilization by wind, water, animals
  • seasonal production of seeds
    • season for producing seeds and season for setting seed
26
Q

Strategy for aquatic invertebrates

A
  • multiple partners
  • lots of germ cells (eggs and milt)
  • fertilization in water “by chance”
    • a “numbers game”
27
Q

Strategy for elasmobranchs and teleosts

A
  • multiple partners
  • lots of germ cells (eggs and milt)
  • fertilization in water at spawning grounds (timed external fertilization)
    • not random, timed/synchronized, external fertilization
  • fertilization can be internal
28
Q

Strategy for amphibia

A
  • polygamy
  • lots of germ cells (eggs and sperm)
  • fertilization in water at spawning
    • synchronous external fertilization or
    • indirect internal fertilization
      • eg salamanders (female walks over sperm, taken up)
29
Q

Strategy for rerrestrial invertebrates

A
  • polygamy and monogamy
  • lots of germ cells (eggs and sperm)
  • fertilization - indirect or direct internal
    • spermatophore/intromissive organ
    • sperm can’t be left outside on land - dries out
30
Q

Strategy for terrestrial vertebrates

A
  • polygamy and monogamy
  • fewer germ cells (eggs and sperm)
  • fertilization (internal)
31
Q

Purpose of egg

A
  • yolk sac for nourishment
  • keeps egg sac from drying out
  • reproduction needs fluid
32
Q

Reptilian vs Avian eggs

A
  • avian eggs = completely impervious to gasses - cracks
  • reptile eggs permeate to gas - tears
33
Q

Strategy for mammals

Stages of development

A
  • oocyte - female germ cell, haploid (via meiosis)
  • zygote - diploid, joining of male and female germ cells, ~ single-celled embryo
  • embryo - organogenesis, ball of cells developing
  • fetus - once all organs are present (after about 6 weeks in mammals, then just grows)
  • infant - newborn
34
Q

When is a mammal born?

A

see different types of mammals

35
Q

Types of mammals

A
  • Protheria = monotremes
  • Metatheria = marsupials
  • Eutheria = placental
36
Q

Protheria

A
  • monotremes
  • mammals that lay eggs instead of giving birth to live young
  • eg echidna, platypus
  • lay eggs that stay in the pouch
  • leathery eggs - like reptiles
  • inside egg = embryo (already fertilized)
  • only one with chance to survive without parent
37
Q

Metatheria

A
  • contains placental mammals, and others
  • living mammals with abdominal pouches
  • eg kangaroos, possums, etc
  • accommodate neonates in abdominal pouches
38
Q

Eutheria

A
  • placental mammals
  • give birth to live young
39
Q

Strategy for eutheria

A
  • polytocus - producing many offspring in a single birth
    • several oocytes to several embryos
  • monotocus - producing a single offspring in a single birth
    • ~ single embryos
40
Q

Modes of reproduction

Species can be…

A
  • oviparous
  • viviparous
  • ovoviviparous
41
Q

Oviparous

A
  • lay eggs
    • pre-/post-fertilization
  • **nutrition **from egg yolk
  • lay eggs with little/no embryonic development within the mother
42
Q

Viviparous

A
  • give birth to live young
  • **nutrition **from parent
    • eg placenta
  • development of the embryo inside the body of the mother
43
Q

Ovoviviparous

A
  • give birth to ** live young**
  • nutrition from egg yolk
  • embryos develop inside eggs that are retained within the mother’s body until they are ready to hatch
44
Q

Modes of reproduction

species can be:

A
  • r-selected
  • K-selected
45
Q

r-selected species

A
  • reproduce and develop rapidly
  • highly prolific
    • eg polytocus
  • little/no parental investment
    • eg most insects
46
Q

K-selected species

A
  • reproduce a d develop slowly
  • few offpring
    • eg monotocus
  • **high **level of parental investment
    • eg humans
  • population may be at carrying capacity
47
Q

What determines LRS?

A
  • LRO
  • fecundity/fertility of F1
  • probability that F1 survive to sexual maturity / achieve fertility
    • because this probability is usually less than 1, LRS is always less than LRO
48
Q

What would influence the probability of offspring surviving to sexual maturity?

A
  • rate of development
    • precocious = fast
  • survival
    • starvation (most likely)
    • predation
    • disease

which of these can a parent influence and how?

  • rate of development
    • fed more = faster development (with genetics too)
  • starviation
    • bring food/milk
  • help avoid predation
49
Q

Reproduction and development are…

A

interdependent

parenting can influence both

50
Q

Balancing investment

A

producing gametes side = aquatic invertebrates (can’t control where sperm/eggs go)

parental care side = mammals

51
Q
A

Reproductive and Developmental Biology (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions