Lecture 1 Flashcards
what does the pre-central gyrus do
primary motor cortex and contains cells of origin of descending motor pathways and is involved in the initiation of voluntary movements.
-these axons project to lower motor neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord
what does the post central gyrus do
primary somatosensory cortex
-involed w/ somatic (bodily) sensation
what is broca’s area
where is broca’s area
- involved w/ the motor aspect of speech formation
- locateed in the dominant hemisphere and the frontal lobe
what is wernicke’s area
other language area but located in the temporal lobe of the dominant hemisphere
what is heschl’s gyrus
where is it
primary auditory cortex in te temporal lobe
what is the border of the frontal lobe for the medial aspect
central sulcus
what is the border of the frontal lobe for the medial aspect
central sulcus
the parietal lobe is located between which sulcus/fissue on the medial aspect of the brain?
central sulcus and parieto-occipital fissure
what is the border of the frontal lobe for the medial aspect
central sulcus
what is the septum pellucidum
a thin partition that separates the 2 lateral ventricles
what is the corpus callosum
c shaped white matter connecting the right and left hemispheeres
where i the splenium of the corpus callosum located
nearest to the occipital cortex
what causes a bend in the CNS
cephalic flexure
- what does dorsal ventral mean in spinal cord/brain stem?
2. waht does it mean for the cerebral hemispheres?
- post-ant
2. sup-inf
where are the cell bodies of origin of the corticospinal tract?
precentral gyrus, in the primary motor cortex
the corticospinal tract runs _____ in the midbrain
runs ______ in the pons
runs ________ in the medulla
crus cerebri
base of pons
pyramids
what is the superior colliculus
inf colliculus?
important way-station for vision
importnat for hearing
what is in the CNS?
PNS?
brain, spinal cord
spinal nerves, cranial nerves, associated ganglia
what are the 2 things that the PNS does?
- provides afferent sensory inputs to the CNS
2. executes the efferent motor commands/plans/programs being issued by the CNS
what is the motor division of the somatic NS? sensory?
motor: consists of motor axons that innervate striated skeletal muscle (like biceps) which are under voluntary control
sensory: sensory receptors in the skin, striated skeletal muscle, and joints-“somatosensory”
what does the autonomic NS control
involuntary muscle-cardiac and smooth muscle
glands
blood vessels
how does the ANS maintain homeostasis and mediate response to stress?
by its 2 divisions:
sympathtic and parasym
what function changes pupil size in response to your body’s need
automatic motor
what is the nervous system broken up into?
what is the PNS broken up into?
what are efferent (motor) broken up into?
what is the ANS broken up into?
PNS and CNS
afferent and efferent
somatic and ANS
parasympathetic and sympathetic
what is found in gray matter?
white matter?
groups of cell bodies
bundles of axons
what is gray matter called in the CNS? PNS?
CNS: Nuclei/cortex
PNS: ganglia
what is white matter called in the CNS/ PNS?
CNS: tract
PNS: nerve
what is basal ganglia
gray matter in the subcortical area
what is neurological localizatoin
the process of determining what part of the NS has been affected by a disease process
what is localized function?
different parts of the brain have different functions
what is a major exception to crossing pathways?
cerebellar connections (control of coordiation and muscle tone) is ipsilateral
what is a negative phenomenon?
positive phenomenon?
examples?
loss of function.
ex. stroke, wekness, numbness, loss of memory
inappropirate excitation
ex. seizures, loss of inhibition of motor neurons causing spsticity
what is an example of a focal lesion?
multifocal?
diffuse?
single lesion: stroke, solitary brain tumor
multiple sclerosis (lesions disseminated in space and time)
systemic disease: toxin, metabolic
where do we start development
at the ectoderm
which part of the ectoderm will become the entire NS?
what becomes the skin, etc?
neural ectoderm = neural plate
surrounding ectoderm=surface ectoderm
where are the neural folds? neural grooves?
folds: at lateral margins, inside neural crest
groove: golds approach each other (midline)
where does the neural crest emerge from
the lateral margins of the neural plate
what are the cells that line the neural groove?
what do they eventually give rise to
neuroepithelial cells which ultimately give rise to all the cells of the CNS
what do neural crest cells give rise to?
PNS
what fuses at the midline to create the early neural tube. where does this occur
folds. occurs at about the level of the future spinal cord
what are the steps to neurulation
- central ectoderm thickens and elongates to become neural plate
- neural plate folds at the midline and at lateral margins, inside the neural crest are neural folds. when the folds approach each other as neural groove. neural crest emerges at lateral margins of neural plate
- neural folds start to fuse at midline to form early neural tube. neural crest cells pinch off as neural tube closes
what does the anterior (rostral) neural tube form?
what does the post (caudal) neural tube form?
future brain
future spinal cord
what is the failure of closure of anterior neuropore?
anencephaly “w/o a brain”
what is failure of closure of post neuropore?
spina bifida w/ exposure and possibly exrusion of cord and its surr tissues `
what are the neural crest derivatives
dorsal root ganglia cranial nerve ganglia (5, 7, 8, 9, 10) autonomic (visceral motor) ganglia adrenal medulla melanocytes
what does the apical surface of the one-layer neural tube (caudal)’s central canal have? what is the basal surface?
apical surface w/ tight junctions
basal surface w/ basement membrane
what kind of cell layer does the central canal have in the one-layer neural tube
one layer of pseduostratified ciliated columnar neuroepithelium
in the 3 layer neural tube, what are the layers?
what do they eventually form?
- ependymal cells (line the central canal)
- glial cells, NOT neurons - mantel layer (future gray matter)
- marginal layer (future white matter)
in the early spinal cord, what does the mantle layer enevenly proliferate into?
alar plate: located dorsally, sensory-gray matter
basal plate: located ventrally, motor -gray matter
what is the dividing line of the alar and basal plate
sulcus limitans
how does the alar plate and basal plate develop in the brainstem?
alar: laterally (floor of 4th ventricle)
basal: medially (floor of 4th ventricle)
waht does the lateral horn gray develop from
what is its function
basal plate (mantle later) -motor in function
where is the cephalic flexure
wehre is the cervical flexure
in the region of the mesencephalon
where cord meets the brain
what does the prosencephalon become?
waht does the mesencephalon become?
what does the rhombencepalon become?
telencephalon, diencephalon
mesencephalon
metencephalon, myelencephalon
what does ocular development begin
w/ the outpouching of the diencephalon into the optic vesicles
waht does the telencephalon become? diencephalon? mesencephalon? metencephalon? myelencephalon?
- cerebrum
- thalamus, optic nerve, retina
- midbrain
- pons, cerebellum
- medulla
what are the CSF-filled cavities for the... cerebral hemisphers diencephalon midbrain pons, medulla, and cerebellum
lateral ventricles
3rd ventricle
cerebral aqueduct
4th ventricle
what does the ependymal layer line in the brainstem
ventricles (opposed to central canal in spinal cord)
where do sensory CN nuclei end up in the 4th ventricle? what about motor CN nuclei
sensory nuclei are lateral
motor nuclei are medial
do meninges surround the optic nerve?
yes. cuase its CNS, not PNS niggah
what does the calcarine fissure represent
the primary (striate) visual cortex
