Lecture 1 Flashcards
What is DNA made up of
Nuecleotides
What dose DNA stand for
Deoxyribonucleic acid
What is code
It is genetic information for the developing and functioning of an organism
What is molecular biology
The study of DNA and how it is used to make other important molecules for cells to function
What is the human genome project
2003: the sequence in of DNA code in humans and other species
Examples of applications of molecular biology
Environmental microbiology
Medicine
Genetic research
Phylogenetics
Forensic science
Food and agriculture
Consumer genomics
What do prokaryotic cells consist of
A single compartment, the cytoskeleton, enclosed by the plasma membrane
What do eukaryotes have that prokaryotes don’t
Nucleus and membrane enclosed membrane
What is the endosymbiotic theory
A hypothesis that chloroplasts and mitochondria evolved from prokaryotes that lives symbiotically in free living single cells
That 2 organelles have their own DNA
Mitochondria and chloroplasts
What dose genomic DNA refer to
The chromosomal DNA in cells
What is the main source of DNA
Genomic DNA
What is genomic DNA responsible for
Carry out the important functions of replication transcription and translation to maintain the cell
What dose chromosomal DNA mean
That DNA is bound to specific proteins to help package and arrange the DNA inside a cell
What dose gDNA do when it needs to carry out a specific function
It unravels from the protein pack ageing to expose the base pairs
3 processes that gDNA are involved in
Replication
Transcription
Translation
Shape of gDNA in prokaryotes
Circular
In prokaryotes where is the gDNA house
The nucleoid region
Shape of gDNA in eukaryotes
Linear
In eukaryotes where is the gDNA housed
The nucleus
What is extrachormasonal DNA
DNA that is found in a cell as an additional source of DNA
Is ecDNA involved in cellular functions
No
Can ecDNA carry out replication transcription and translation
Yes
Where is the main source of ecDNA involved prokaryotes
Plasmids
Where is the of ecDNA in eukaryotes
Mitochondrial DNA
What is DNA replication called in prokaryotes
Binary fission
What is DNA replication called in eukaryotes
Mitosis and cytokinesis
1st step of binary fission
Enlargement
What is growth
Increase in the number of cells
Definition of binary fission
The growth of one cell into 2
5 steps of binary fission
DNA replication
Cell elongation
Septum/Cross wall formation
Cross wall completion
What is mitosis
The division of gDNA in 5 phases followed by cytokinesis to produce 2 new daughter cells
When dose mitosis occur
At M-Phase of the cell cycle
When dose DNA replication occur
During the S Phase prior to Mitosis
What are the 4 phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle
G1
S Phase
G2
Mitosis (M phase)
Period between one M phase to the next is called
Interphase
