Lecture 1 Flashcards
What are the 2 anatomical regions?
First:
- Abdominopelvic surface is divided into 4 sections called the “abdominopelivic quadrant”
- Pair of lines
Second:
- 9 abdominopelvic regions are used
Coronal Plane
- z-axis
- Divides front and back
- Perpendicular to sagittal and transverse
- Abduction and adduction
Sagittal Plane
- x-axis
- Dives left and right
- Flexion and extension
Transverse Plane
- y-axis
- Divides upper and lower
- Perpendicular to coronal and sagittal
- Rotation and pronation
Linear Motion
- Gliding
- “Pencil remains vertical, but tip moves away from original postion”
Angular Motion
- Changing Shaft Angle
- “Tip remains stationary, but angle between shaft and surface change”
Circumduction
- Special type of angular motion
- “Tip remains stationary, while shaft moves in a circle”
Rotation
- “Tip remains in position and angle of shaft does not change but the shaft spins on its longitudinal axis”
Functions of Vertebral Column
Support:
- Forms axis of body and critical for upright posture.
- Supports head and attachment point
- Supports transfer of weight
Protection:
- Spinal cord and proximal portions of spinal nerves
Movements:
- Head and upper limbs and vertebral column
Vertebral Column Segmentation
Cervical - 7 vertebrae
Thoracic - 12 vertebrae
Sacral - 5 fused vertebrae
Lumbar - 5 vertebrae
Coccygeal - 4 vertebrae
Total = 33
Primary Vertebral Curvatures
- Present in fetus
- Thoracic and sacral
- Kyphosis, concave
Secondary Vertebral Curvatures
- Present after birth
- Cervical and lumbar
- Lordosis, convex
Common Abnormal Curvatures
Scoliosis:
- Lateral and rotational curve of Tx or Lx
Kyphosis:
- Hunchback, excessive flexion of Tx
- Poor posture, osteoporosis
Lordosis:
- Swayback, excessive extension of Lx
- Weak trunk, late pregnancy, obesity.
Intervertebral Foramina
- Pathway for spinal nerves
- May become stenotic (constriction of diameter)
Cervical Vertebra
- Uncinate processes (C3-C7)
- Transverse foramina
- Tubercles: Anterior & Posterior
- Bifid SP
C1 Atlas
- Atypical
- No Vertebral body
- Lateral mass
- Arches (anterior & posterior)
- Tubercles (anterior &posterior)
C2 Axis
- Atypical Vertebra
- Odontoid process (dens)
C7
- Atypical Vertebra
- Elongated SP
- non bifid SP
C2 Fracture
- Often involves dens
- Type 1 = stable
- Type 2 = unstable
- Type 3 = Extend into the body
Hangman fracture
Pedicle fracture
Jefferson fracture
Burst fracture of the atlas
Thoracic vertebra
- Have costal facets in the body and TP
- Vertebra body becomes larger
- Heart shaped vertebral foramen
- SP slant inferiorly
Lumbar Vertebra
- Vertebral body are large
- Triangular shape vertebral foramen
- SP short & horizontal
- Mammillary process
- Accessory process
Parts of Sacrum
- Superior articular processes
- Median sacral crest = spinous process
- Intermedial sacral crest = articular process
- Lateral sacral crest = Transverse process
- Sacral canal
- Sacral hiatus (failure of SV laminae to fuse)
- Posterior foramina
Intervertebral discs
- 20-30% of vertebral column
- Varies relative to motion & amount of load transmitted
- Increases in height from cervical to lumbar (3mm - 9mm)
Function of Intervertebral Discs
- Seperates the vertebral bodies = increase motion
- Transmits load from 1 vertebral body to the other
Parts of Intervetebral Discs
- Nucleus pulposus
- Annulus fibrosus
- Vertebral endplate (hyaline & fibrocartilage)
Nucleus Pulposus
- Gelatinous mass in centre
- Contains more water than annulus
Annulus Fibers
- Fibrous outer ring
- Enhances the spines rotational stability & helps to resist compressive stress
Vertebral Endplate
- Superior & inferior surfaces
- Helps hold the disc in place
