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Anatomy 1 - Axial > AI Flashcards > Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the anatomical position?

A

Body standing erect or upright with head and eyes directed forward, upper limbs relaxed at sides, palms anteriorly directed, and feet shoulder-width apart with toes forward.

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2
Q

What is the standard reference position of the body used to describe the location of structures?

A

Anatomical position

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3
Q

What are anatomical landmarks?

A

Important reference points on the body used for identification and description of structure locations.

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4
Q

What is the term for the anatomical term ‘nasus’ and its adjective form?

A

Nasal

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5
Q

How many sections does the first method divide the abdominopelvic surface into?

A

Four sections

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6
Q

What is the second method of describing areas of the abdominal and pelvic regions?

A

Using nine abdominopelvic regions

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7
Q

What do all anatomical directions use as the standard point of reference?

A

Anatomical position

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8
Q

True or False: The terms ‘left’ and ‘right’ refer to the observer’s left and right sides.

A

False

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9
Q

What divides the body or an organ into front and back sections?

A

Coronal (frontal) plane

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10
Q

What type of movements occur in the coronal plane?

A

Abduction and adduction

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11
Q

What divides the body into upper and lower sections?

A

Transverse (Horizontal or Axial) plane

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12
Q

What type of movements occur in the transverse plane?

A

Rotational and pronation movements

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13
Q

What divides the body into left and right sections?

A

Sagittal plane

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14
Q

What is the midsagittal plane?

A

Divides the body into equal left and right halves

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15
Q

What type of movements occur in the sagittal plane?

A

Flexion and extension

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16
Q

What is the transverse plane also known as?

A

Axial plane

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17
Q

What is the relationship of the transverse plane to the sagittal plane?

A

90° to the sagittal plane

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18
Q

What are the two types of motion described in the content?

A
  • Linear motion
  • Angular motion
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19
Q

What type of motion is defined as rotation around an axis?

A

Rotation

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20
Q

What type of motion involves moving in a circular path?

A

Circumduction

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21
Q

What are the two types of articulation in the vertebral column?

A
  • Cartilaginous articulation
  • Synovial articulation

Cartilaginous articulation occurs between vertebral bodies and discs, while synovial articulation occurs between zygapophyseal/facet joints.

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22
Q

What are the types of joints in the vertebral column?

A
  • Intervertebral joints
  • Zygapophyseal facet joints

Intervertebral joints are formed by adjacent vertebral bodies and the intervening intervertebral disc, while zygapophyseal facet joints are between the superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebral bodies.

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23
Q

What extends between C2 and S1 vertebral levels?

A

Intervertebral symphysis

There are no intervertebral discs at C0-C1 or C1-C2 vertebral levels.

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24
Q

What are vertebral end-plates?

A

They overlie the discal surfaces of the vertebral bodies

These end-plates are important for the structural integrity of the vertebral column.

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25
Q

What type of articulations are zygapophyseal joints?

A

Diarthrodial (synovial) articulations

These joints are enclosed in a capsule that is highly innervated with nociceptors.

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26
Q

What is the orientation of facet joints in the cervical region?

A

Oriented in a 45-degree oblique plane

This orientation is between the coronal and transverse planes.

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27
Q

What is the main orientation of lumbar facet joints?

A

Mainly in the sagittal plane, oriented at approximately 90 degrees

This orientation allows for significant flexion and extension movements.

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28
Q

What are uncovertebral joints also known as?

A

Clefts of Luschka

These joints are small, synovial-like joints that lack a synovial membrane.

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29
Q

What are the functions of uncovertebral joints?

A
  • Guides cervical motion
  • Prevents excessive lateral translation
  • Reduces intervertebral disc herniation risk
  • Protects vertebral arteries

These functions contribute to cervical spine stability.

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30
Q

Name the six main ligaments of the vertebral column.

A
  • Anterior longitudinal ligament
  • Posterior longitudinal ligament
  • Ligamentum flavum
  • Interspinous ligaments
  • Supraspinous ligaments
  • Intertransverse ligaments

These ligaments vary depending on the spinal region.

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31
Q

What is the role of the Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL)?

A
  • Primary spine stabilizer
  • Prevents hyperextension of the spine

The ALL runs along the anterior surface of the vertebral bodies from the skull to the sacrum.

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32
Q

What does the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (PLL) prevent?

A

Prevents hyperflexion and posterior disc herniation

The PLL runs along the posterior surface of the vertebral bodies inside the vertebral canal.

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33
Q

Where is the Interspinous Ligament located?

A

Between adjacent spinous processes

This ligament resists excessive flexion.

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34
Q

What does the Supraspinous Ligament provide support against?

A

Provides additional support against hyperflexion

This ligament attaches the tips of spinous processes from C7 to the sacrum.

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35
Q

What is the strongest ligament in the vertebral column?

A

Ligamentum Flavum

This ligament connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae and protects the spinal cord and nerves.

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36
Q

What do Intertransverse Ligaments resist?

A

Resists lateral bending

These ligaments are located between adjacent transverse processes.

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37
Q

What are the essential movements of the spine?

A
  • Flexion
  • Extension
  • Lateral flexion
  • Rotation

The cervical and lumbar regions allow the greatest freedom of movement.

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38
Q

What limitations affect spinal movements?

A
  • Size and compressibility of intervertebral discs
  • Tightness of joint capsules
  • Orientation of articular facets
  • Muscle and ligament function
  • Articulations with the thoracic cage

These factors collectively influence how the spine moves.

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39
Q
A
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40
Q

What are the two divisions of the cervical spine?

A

Upper cervical and Lower cervical

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41
Q

Which cervical vertebrae are considered atypical?

A

1st (Atlas), 2nd (Axis), and 7th (C7)

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42
Q

Which cervical vertebrae are considered typical?

A

3rd, 4th, 5th, and 6th

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43
Q

What shape does the vertebral foramen of cervical vertebrae have?

A

Large and triangular

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44
Q

What is the function of the atlas (C1) vertebra?

A

Cradle occiput and transmit forces to lower cervical spine

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45
Q

What does the anterior arch of the atlas contain?

A

Anterior tubercle and a facet for articulation with the dens of C2

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46
Q

What are the lateral masses of the atlas (C1) vertebra?

A

Thickest parts supporting the superior and inferior articular facets

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47
Q

What is the dens of the axis (C2) vertebra?

A

Anterior portion that extends superiorly from the body

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48
Q

What is unique about the spinous process of the C7?

A

It is large, elongated, and not bifid

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49
Q

What is the primary function of the atlanto-odontoid articulation?

A

Permit flexion and extension, and side-to-side movements

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50
Q

What are the primary movements allowed by the atlanto-axial joint?

A

Rotation, limited flexion, extension, and lateral flexion

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51
Q

What is the role of the uncinate processes in typical cervical vertebrae?

A

Support the concave shape of the upper surface of the vertebra

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52
Q

What is the shape of the intervertebral discs in the cervical region?

A

Thicker anteriorly and taper laterally

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53
Q

At what age do fissures in the posterior disc develop?

A

Approximately 9 years of age

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54
Q

What are the cervical zygapophyseal joints?

A

True synovial joints containing fibroadipose meniscoids

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55
Q

What is the primary movement of the atlanto-occipital articulation?

A

Flexion-extension

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56
Q

What ligaments are specific to the craniovertebral region?

A

Anterior atlantoaxial membrane, posterior atlantoaxial membrane, alar ligaments, transverse ligament of atlas, cruciate ligament of the atlas, tectorial membrane, apical ligament

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57
Q

What does the alar ligament limit?

A

Excessive rotation of the head

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58
Q

What is the function of the transverse atlantal ligament?

A

Holds the odontoid process of the axis in place

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59
Q

What is the ligamentum nuchae?

A

A strong, fibrous ligament in the cervical region for head and neck stability

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60
Q

Fill in the blank: The body of cervical vertebrae is ________ horizontally than antero-posteriorly.

A

longer

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61
Q

True or False: The spinous processes of typical cervical vertebrae are long and stout.

A

False

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62
Q

What is the size trend of cervical vertebrae from C2 to C7?

A

Size increases slightly

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63
Q

What feature divides the cervical transverse process into anterior and posterior portions?

A

Groove for spinal nerves

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64
Q

What are the four groups of axial muscles?

A
  1. Muscles of the head and neck that do not move the vertebral column
  2. Muscles that move the vertebral column
  3. Muscles of the rib cage and lateral walls of the abdominal and pelvic cavities
  4. Muscles that form the floor of the pelvic cavity
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65
Q

What is the primary function of the erector spinae group?

A

It is the primary extensor of the vertebral column and controls flexion, lateral flexion, and rotation of the vertebral column.

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66
Q

Name the three groups that comprise the erector spinae.

A
  1. Iliocostalis group
  2. Longissimus group
  3. Spinalis group
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67
Q

What muscles are included in the iliocostalis group?

A
  1. Iliocostalis cervicis
  2. Iliocostalis thoracis
  3. Iliocostalis lumborum
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68
Q

What muscles are included in the longissimus group?

A
  1. Longissimus capitis
  2. Longissimus cervicis
  3. Longissimus thoracis
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69
Q

What muscles are included in the spinalis group?

A
  1. Spinalis capitis
  2. Spinalis cervicis
  3. Spinalis thoracis
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70
Q

What is the function of the transversospinales muscles?

A

They run from the transverse processes to the spinous processes of the vertebrae.

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71
Q

What are the semispinalis muscles?

A
  1. Semispinalis capitis
  2. Semispinalis cervicis
  3. Semispinalis thoracis
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72
Q

What is the role of the multifidus muscle?

A

It helps extend and laterally flex the vertebral column.

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73
Q

What is the function of the segmental muscle group?

A

They stabilize the vertebral column by connecting spinous and transverse processes of consecutive vertebrae.

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74
Q

Name the muscles included in the segmental muscle group.

A
  1. Interspinales
  2. Intertransversarii
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75
Q

Which muscles are part of the superficial layer of the posterior neck?

A
  1. Splenius capitis
  2. Splenius cervicis
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76
Q

What are the muscles in the intermediate layer of the posterior neck?

A
  1. Spinalis colli
  2. Longissimus capitis
  3. Longissimus cervicis
  4. Iliocostalis cervicis
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77
Q

What muscles are included in the deep layer of the posterior neck?

A
  1. Semispinalis cervicis
  2. Rectus capitis posterior major
  3. Rectus capitis posterior minor
  4. Obliquus capitis superior
  5. Obliquus capitis inferior
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78
Q

What is the origin of the splenius capitis?

A

Spinous process and nuchal ligament of C3-T3

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79
Q

What is the insertion point of the splenius capitis?

A

Mastoid process and occipital bone of skull (lateral 1/3 of superior nuchal line)

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80
Q

What action does the splenius capitis perform?

A

Bilateral contraction extends the neck; unilateral contraction rotates and laterally flexes the neck to that side.

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81
Q

What is the origin of the splenius cervicis?

A

Spinous process T3-T6

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82
Q

What is the insertion point of the splenius cervicis?

A

Transverse process of axis and C1–C3

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83
Q

What action does the splenius cervicis perform?

A

Bilateral contraction extends the neck; unilateral contraction rotates and laterally flexes the neck to the same side.

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84
Q

What is the origin of the iliocostalis cervicis?

A

Angles of 3rd-6th ribs

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85
Q

What is the insertion point of the iliocostalis cervicis?

A

Transverse processes of C4–C6

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86
Q

What action does the iliocostalis cervicis perform?

A

Bilateral contraction extends the neck; unilateral contraction rotates and laterally flexes the neck to the same side.

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87
Q

What is the origin of the longissimus capitis?

A

Nuchal ligament and transverse processes of C3–T3

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88
Q

What is the insertion point of the longissimus capitis?

A

Mastoid process

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89
Q

What action does the longissimus capitis perform?

A

Bilateral contraction extends the head; unilateral contraction rotates and laterally flexes the head to the same side.

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90
Q

What is the origin of the longissimus cervicis?

A

Transverse process T1-T6

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91
Q

What is the insertion point of the longissimus cervicis?

A

Posterior tubercles of transverse processes C2-C6

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92
Q

What action does the longissimus cervicis perform?

A

Bilateral contraction extends the neck; unilateral contraction laterally flexes the neck to the same side.

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93
Q

What is the origin of the spinalis cervicis?

A

Nuchal ligament and spinous process of C7-T2

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94
Q

What is the insertion point of the spinalis cervicis?

A

Spinous processes C2–C4

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95
Q

What action does the spinalis cervicis perform?

A

Bilateral contraction extends the neck; unilateral contraction laterally flexes the neck to the same side.

96
Q

What is the origin of the semispinalis cervicis?

A

Transverse processes of T1–T5 or T6

97
Q

What is the insertion point of the semispinalis cervicis?

A

Spinous processes of C2–C5

98
Q

What action does the semispinalis cervicis perform?

A

Bilateral contraction extends the neck; unilateral contraction laterally flexes the neck to the same side.

99
Q

What is the origin of the rectus capitis posterior major?

A

Spinous process of axis (C2)

100
Q

What is the insertion point of the rectus capitis posterior major?

A

Inferior nuchal line of occipital bone

101
Q

What actions does the rectus capitis posterior major perform?

A

Bilateral contraction extends the head; unilateral contraction rotates the head to the same side.

102
Q

What is the origin of the rectus capitis posterior minor?

A

Posterior arch of atlas (C1)

103
Q

What is the insertion point of the rectus capitis posterior minor?

A

Inferior nuchal line of occipital bone and adjacent area.

104
Q

What action does the rectus capitis posterior minor perform?

A

Extends the head.

105
Q

What is the origin of the obliquus capitis superior?

A

Transverse process of atlas (C1)

106
Q

What is the insertion point of the obliquus capitis superior?

A

Posterior aspect of occipital bone.

107
Q

What action does the obliquus capitis superior perform?

A

Laterally flexes and extends the head.

108
Q

What is the origin of the obliquus capitis inferior?

A

Spinous process of axis (C2)

109
Q

What is the insertion point of the obliquus capitis inferior?

A

Transverse process of atlas (C1)

110
Q

What action does the obliquus capitis inferior perform?

A

Rotates the head.

111
Q

Which muscles are part of the scalene muscle group?

A
  1. Anterior scalene muscle
  2. Middle scalene muscle
  3. Posterior scalene muscle
112
Q

What actions do the scalene muscles perform?

A

They work together to flex, laterally flex, and rotate the head.

113
Q

Name the anterior muscles in the cervical region.

A
  1. Longus capitis
  2. Longus colli
  3. Rectus capitis anterior
  4. Rectus capitis lateralis
114
Q

What is the origin of the longus capitis?

A

Transverse processes of C3–C6

115
Q

What is the insertion point of the longus capitis?

A

Basilar portion of the occipital bone

116
Q

What action does the longus capitis perform?

A

Together, the two sides flex the neck; alone, each rotates the head to that side.

117
Q

What is the origin of the longus colli?

A

Anterior surfaces of C3-T3

118
Q

What is the insertion point of the longus colli?

A

Anterior aspects of C1-C6

119
Q

What action does the longus colli perform?

A

Flexes and/or rotates the neck.

120
Q

What is the origin of the rectus capitis anterior?

A

Anterior surface of the lateral mass of the atlas (C1)

121
Q

What is the insertion point of the rectus capitis anterior?

A

Basilar part of the occipital bone, anterior to the foramen magnum

122
Q

What actions does the rectus capitis anterior perform?

A

Flexion of the head at the atlanto-occipital joint; assists in stabilizing the head and cervical spine.

123
Q

What is the origin of the rectus capitis lateralis?

A

Superior surface of the transverse process of the atlas (C1)

124
Q

What is the insertion point of the rectus capitis lateralis?

A

Jugular process of the occipital bone

125
Q

What actions does the rectus capitis lateralis perform?

A

Lateral flexion of the head; stabilization of the atlanto-occipital joint.

127
Q

What is the primary function of the vertebral column?

A

Support, protection, movements

It helps in movements of the head and upper limbs, supports the vertebral column, and transfers weight to the lower limbs.

128
Q

How many total vertebrae are in the vertebral column?

A

33 vertebrae

This includes cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal vertebrae.

129
Q

What are the segments of the vertebral column?

A
  • Cervical: 7 vertebrae
  • Thoracic: 12 vertebrae
  • Lumbar: 5 vertebrae
  • Sacral: 5 fused vertebrae
  • Coccygeal: 4 vertebrae (variable)

Co1 often is not fused, but Co2-Co4 are fused.

130
Q

What are primary curvatures of the vertebral column?

A
  • Thoracic
  • Sacral

These curvatures are present in the fetus.

131
Q

What are secondary curvatures of the vertebral column?

A
  • Cervical
  • Lumbar

These curvatures develop after birth.

132
Q

True or False: Both primary and secondary curvatures are convex from the anterior view.

A

False

Primary curvatures are convex, while secondary curvatures are concave from the anterior view.

133
Q

What is the function of intervertebral foramina?

A

Pathway for spinal nerves

They may become stenotic, potentially impinging the nerve.

134
Q

What are the three main parts of a typical vertebra?

A
  • Body
  • Vertebral arch
  • Articular processes

The vertebral foramen is located in the central vertebral arch.

135
Q

What is unique about the cervical vertebra C1 (Atlas)?

A

C1 has no vertebral body

It features lateral masses and anterior and posterior arches.

136
Q

What is the unique feature of the cervical vertebra C2 (Axis)?

A

Odontoid Process

This vertebra has a more elongated spinous process.

137
Q

What characterizes thoracic vertebrae?

A
  • Costal facets in the body and transverse process
  • Heart-shaped vertebral body
  • Slanting spinous processes

These vertebrae articulate with the ribs.

138
Q

What are the characteristics of lumbar vertebrae?

A
  • Large vertebral bodies
  • Triangular-shaped vertebral foramen
  • Short and horizontal spinous processes

They are the largest and least mobile vertebrae.

139
Q

What is the function of the sacrum?

A

Protects reproductive, digestive, and excretory organs

It articulates with the pelvic girdle and the coccyx.

140
Q

What are the two main functions of intervertebral discs?

A
  • Separates the vertebral bodies
  • Transmits load from one vertebral body to the next

This increases motion between vertebrae.

141
Q

What are the three parts of an intervertebral disc?

A
  • Nucleus pulposus
  • Anulus fibrosus
  • Vertebral endplate

The disc is avascular.

142
Q

What is the composition of the nucleus pulposus?

A

Gelatinous mass in the center

It contains more water than the annulus.

143
Q

What is the role of annular fibers in the intervertebral disc?

A

Enhances spine’s rotational stability and resists compressive stress

They form the fibrous outer ring.

144
Q

What are the characteristics of lumbar vertebrae compared to cervical vertebrae?

A

Lumbar vertebrae are larger and less mobile; cervical vertebrae are smaller with bifid spinous processes

Cervical vertebrae also feature transverse foramina.

145
Q

Fill in the blank: The ratio of disc height to vertebral body height increases from _______ to _______.

A

cervical to lumbar spine

This reflects greater mobility in the cervical and lumbar regions.

146
Q

What is the major role of the thoracic spine?

A

Protection of thoracic viscera

147
Q

What can dysfunction in the thoracic spine affect?

A

Elements of the autonomic nervous system

148
Q

What differentiates the thoracic spine from the cervical and lumbar spine?

A

Articulations for the ribs

149
Q

List the thoracic vertebrae.

150
Q

Describe the shape of the vertebral body in thoracic vertebrae.

A

Heart-shaped when viewed from above

151
Q

What happens to the dimensions of thoracic vertebral bodies from T1 to T12?

A

A-P & M-L dimensions length increase in size

152
Q

What is unique about the shape of thoracic vertebral bodies?

A

Wedge-shaped with posterior height greater than anterior height

153
Q

What is the normal curve produced by the thoracic vertebrae?

A

Kyphotic curve

154
Q

What features characterize the superior and inferior surfaces of thoracic vertebrae?

A

Flat with a ring around the margin for attachment with intervertebral disc

155
Q

What are costal facets or demifacets used for?

A

Rib head articulation

156
Q

What is a facet in the context of thoracic vertebrae?

A

Articulating surface of the vertebrae where rib head articulates entirely

157
Q

What is a demifacet?

A

Articulating surface where half of the rib head articulates with one vertebra and half with another

158
Q

Describe the pedicles of thoracic vertebrae.

A

Short with minimal lateral projection, creating a small vertebral canal

159
Q

How are the laminae of thoracic vertebrae characterized?

A

Short, broad, and thick

160
Q

What is the shape and orientation of the spinous process in thoracic vertebrae?

A

Long, slender, triangular shape, pointing obliquely downward

161
Q

What is the orientation of the transverse processes in thoracic vertebrae?

A

Thickened ends point laterally, posteriorly, and superiorly

162
Q

What is the shape of the intervertebral foramen in thoracic vertebrae?

A

Circular and smaller compared to cervical and lumbar

163
Q

What is the angle of the articular facets in thoracic vertebrae?

A

60 degrees to the sagittal plane

164
Q

What type of joints connect thoracic vertebrae?

A

Intervertebral joints and zygapophyseal joints

165
Q

What type of joint are intervertebral joints?

A

Secondary cartilaginous joints composed of fibrocartilage

166
Q

What movement do amphiarthroses allow?

A

Only slight movement

167
Q

What characterizes atypical thoracic vertebrae T1 and T9-12?

A

T1 resembles C7 and T9-12 have varying rib articulations

168
Q

What is the typical range of the thoracic curve?

A

20-50 degrees with an average of 45 degrees

169
Q

What anatomical feature contributes to thoracic kyphosis?

A

Anterior height of intervertebral discs less than posterior height

170
Q

What are the primary ligaments found in the thoracic region?

A
  • Anterior longitudinal ligament
  • Posterior longitudinal ligament
  • Ligamentum flavum
  • Interspinous ligament
  • Supraspinous ligament
171
Q

What is the orientation of the zygapophyseal/facet joints in the thoracic spine?

A

Allows for large rotational and lateral flexion movements

172
Q

What limits flexion and extension in the thoracic spine?

A
  • Thin intervertebral disc
  • Inferior projecting spinous processes
  • Anterior rib projection
173
Q

What percentage of thoracic injuries involve the thoracolumbar region?

174
Q

What is the most likely vertebra to sustain a fracture?

175
Q

True or False: The aorta lies anterior and to the left of the vertebral bodies of T3-T7.

176
Q

What is the primary function of the rib cage?

A

Ventilation

The rib cage also increases stability of the thoracic spine during flexion, extension, lateral bending, and rotation.

177
Q

What are the bony landmarks of the sternum?

A

Sternum, thoracic spine, ribs, jugular notch, xiphoid process

The superior border includes the first costocartilage and first ribs, continuous with the first thoracic vertebrae.

178
Q

How are ribs 1-7 classified?

A

True ribs

They attach directly to the sternum.

179
Q

What are ribs 8-10 classified as?

A

False ribs

They articulate with the sternum indirectly via rib 7.

180
Q

What are ribs 11 and 12 classified as?

A

Floating ribs

They have no articulation or attachment to the sternum.

181
Q

What are the three parts of the sternum?

A

Manubrium, body, xiphoid process

The manubrium articulates with the clavicles and the costal cartilages of the first pair of ribs.

182
Q

What is the last component of the sternum to undergo ossification?

A

Xiphoid process

Its connection to the body of the sternum can be broken by an impact or strong pressure.

183
Q

What are the typical components of a typical rib?

A

Head, neck, body

The head has two articular facets separated by a wedge of bone.

184
Q

Which ribs are considered atypical?

A

Ribs 1, 2, 10, 11, and 12

They have features that are not common to all ribs.

185
Q

What characterizes rib 1?

A

Shorter and wider with one facet

It has two grooves for the subclavian vessels.

186
Q

What are costovertebral joints?

A

Joints between the head of the rib and the vertebrae

They involve the superior costal facet of the corresponding vertebra and the inferior costal facet of the vertebra above.

187
Q

What are the two types of articulations with vertebrae?

A

Costovertebral joint, costotransverse joint

Costovertebral joints articulate with vertebrae, while costotransverse joints connect the necks and tubercles of the ribs with the transverse processes.

188
Q

What happens during inspiration in terms of rib cage movement?

A

AP diameter increases as ribs are raised

This movement is primarily due to the elevation of the sternum at the manubriosternal joint.

189
Q

What type of rib motion is described as ‘pump-handle’?

A

Rib motion involving raising the sternal ends

Primarily involves the 1st to 6th ribs.

190
Q

What type of rib motion is described as ‘bucket-handle’?

A

Rib motion involving swinging outward

Primarily involves the 7th to 10th ribs.

191
Q

What causes the thorax to return to a relaxed position during expiration?

A

Elastic recoil of the lungs and weight of thoracic walls

This affects both lateral and anteroposterior diameters.

192
Q

Fill in the blank: The prominent groove along the inferior border of the internal rib surface is called the _______.

A

costal groove

It marks the path of nerves and blood vessels.

193
Q

True or False: The xiphoid process articulates with the clavicles.

A

False

The xiphoid process does not articulate with the clavicles.

194
Q

Which bone could fracture due to improper administration of CPR?

A

Manubrium

It articulates with the clavicles.

195
Q

What is the function of the Serratus Anterior muscle?

A

Draws scapula anterolaterally, suspends scapula on thoracic wall, rotates scapula.

196
Q

From which ribs does the Serratus Anterior originate?

A

1st to 8th or 9th ribs.

197
Q

What is the appearance of the Serratus Anterior muscle?

A

Serrated or saw-toothed appearance.

198
Q

List the intrinsic muscles of the thoracic region.

A
  • Serratus posterior superior
  • Serratus posterior inferior
  • Intercostal muscles
  • Levatores costarum
  • Transversus thoracis
  • Subcostales
199
Q

What is the primary function of the Serratus Posterior Superior?

A

Elevates the ribs.

200
Q

What is the primary function of the Serratus Posterior Inferior?

A

Depresses the ribs.

201
Q

Where do the Serratus Posterior muscles run?

A

From the vertebral column to the rib cage.

202
Q

What type of muscles are the intercostal muscles?

A

Muscles that present within the rib cage.

203
Q

What are the three types of intercostal muscles?

A
  • External intercostal muscles
  • Internal intercostal muscles
  • Innermost intercostal muscles
204
Q

What is the function of the External Intercostal muscles?

A

Elevate the ribs during forced inhalation; accessory respiratory muscles.

205
Q

What do the Internal Intercostal muscles enable?

A

Forced expiration by depressing the ribs.

206
Q

Where do the Innermost Intercostal muscles originate?

A

Inner surface of the costal groove of the ribs.

207
Q

What is the role of the Levatores costarum muscles?

A

Elevate the ribs and prevent paradoxical breathing.

208
Q

How many Levatores costarum muscles are there?

A

12 small triangular muscles.

209
Q

What is the origin of the Levatores costarum muscles?

A

Transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae.

210
Q

What is the function of the Transversus thoracis muscles?

A

Support the thoracic cage and help to move the ribs during forced breathing.

211
Q

What are Subcostales muscles and where are they located?

A

Thin muscles found on the inner surface of the posterior thoracic wall.

212
Q

What is the function of the Subcostales muscles?

A

Pull the ribs inferiorly during forced exhalation and support the intercostal spaces.

213
Q

True or False: The External Intercostal muscles are the most superficial set of intercostal muscles.

214
Q

Fill in the blank: The Serratus Posterior muscles are part of the _______ layer of the extrinsic musculature of the back.

A

intermediate

215
Q

How many vertebrae are in the lumbar region?

A

Five vertebrae (L1-L5)

216
Q

What are the primary functions of the lumbar vertebrae?

A
  • Weight bearing of the upper body
  • Flexion and extension
  • Some lateral flexion
  • Limited rotation
217
Q

Describe the shape of the lumbar vertebral body.

A

Large, wide, kidney-shaped, thicker anteriorly than posteriorly

218
Q

What is the shape of the lumbar vertebral foramen compared to thoracic and cervical vertebrae?

A

Triangular, larger than thoracic vertebrae, smaller than cervical vertebrae

219
Q

What is the morphology of lumbar laminae?

A

Strong, broad, and short; upper lumbar laminae are taller instead of wider

220
Q

How do the transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae differ from those in thoracic vertebrae?

A

Long and slender, horizontal in L1-L3, incline slightly upward in L4-L5

221
Q

What are mammillary processes?

A

Small tubercles located on the posterior aspect of the superior articular processes

222
Q

Describe the spinous process of lumbar vertebrae.

A

Short, blunt, projects almost horizontally, hatchet-shaped

223
Q

What is the articulation type between consecutive lumbar vertebrae?

A
  • Intervertebral (interbody) joint
  • Facet joints
224
Q

What is the function of facet joints in the lumbar region?

A
  • Protect from anterior shear, rotation, and flexion
  • Produce spinal motions including coupling movements
  • Minimize restriction of extension and side bending
225
Q

Name the primary muscles in the lumbar region.

A
  • Quadratus lumborum
  • Erector Spinae group
  • Abdominal muscles
  • Accessory muscles: Transversospinalis group, Intertransversarii
226
Q

What is the function of the quadratus lumborum?

A
  • Laterally flexes the trunk
  • Extends the trunk when both sides contract
  • Stabilizes the 12th rib during breathing
227
Q

Which muscles are included in the abdominal muscles group?

A
  • External Abdominal Oblique
  • Internal Abdominal Oblique
  • Transverse abdominus
  • Rectus Abdominis
228
Q

What is the primary function of the psoas major?

A

Bends the trunk laterally and raises/flexes the trunk from the supine position bilaterally

229
Q

What is the role of the Erector Spinae group?

A
  • Provides lumbar stabilization
  • Assists with trunk extension
  • Stabilizes spinal curvatures
230
Q

Name the three groups of the Erector Spinae muscles.

A
  • Iliocostalis
  • Longissimus
  • Spinalis
231
Q

What is the primary role of the multifidus muscle?

A

Stabilizes and allows contralateral rotation of the spine

232
Q

What happens during lumbar spine flexion?

A
  • Superior vertebra anterior tilts and glides forward
  • Intervertebral foramina widen by ~24%
  • Nucleus pulposus moves posteriorly
  • Facet joints open up
233
Q

What are the resistance structures during lumbar spine flexion?

A
  • Joint capsule ~39%
  • Supraspinous/interspinous ligaments ~19%
  • Ligamentum flavum ~13%
  • Intervertebral disc ~29%
234
Q

What occurs during lumbar spine extension?

A
  • Superior vertebra tilts and glides posteriorly
  • Intervertebral foramina narrow by ~20%
  • Nucleus pulposus moves anteriorly
  • Facet joints close
235
Q

What are the resistance structures during lumbar spine extension?

A
  • Structures anterior to the fulcrum are elongated (i.e. ALL)
  • Ability of intervertebral disc to compress
  • Joint capsule tension
  • Passive tension of psoas major
236
Q

Fill in the blank: The lumbar spine is well designed for _______.

Anatomy 1 - Axial (6 decks)

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