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Clinical Neuroscience > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

Intro and Neurocytes

1
Q

5 anatomical regions of neuroscience

A

peripheral, spinal, brainstem, cerebellar, cerebral

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2
Q

types of neurocytes

A

neurons & glia

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3
Q

Neurons (nerve cells)

A

anatomical and functional units for signal transmission

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4
Q

Glia (non-neuronal cells)

A

supportive structural matrix, maintains homeostasis, nourishment, regulation of neuronal function

supporting cells, “glue” of nervous system

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5
Q

Neuronal structure

A

dendrites, soma (cell body), axon (may/not include myelin sheath with nodes of Ranvier)

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6
Q

basic functions of neuron

A

reception, integration, transmission, transfer of information

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7
Q

bipolar neuron

A

1 dendrite root & 1 axon

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8
Q

pseudounipolar

A

subclass of bipolar; no dendrites, branching axons serving both functions

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9
Q

multipolar

A

multiple dendrites & 1 axon (most common)

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10
Q

Functional Classifications of Neurons

A

motor, sensory, interneurons (integration happens here)

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11
Q

Functional divisions of nervous systems

A

Somatic (sensory & motor) and Autonomic Systems (sympathetic & parasympathetic)

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12
Q

Macroglia cells (3)

A

Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, schwann cells

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13
Q

Astrocytes

A

(CNS) star shaped that include:
- neuronal signaling (liaison, communications, pathways from neuronal migration)
- housekeeping
- nutritive functions for neurons

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14
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

(CNS) form myelin sheath

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15
Q

Schwann cells

A

(PNS) form myelin sheath; contribute to myelination of neurons in CNS & PNS
- only supporting cells of PNS
- provide the same function as oligodendrocytes and astrocytes for PNS

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16
Q

Microglia cells

A
  • immune system of CNS
  • function as phagocytes
  • activate during nervous system development
  • activate after injury or infection
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17
Q

Myelin

A

effective insulator, shielding neurons from extracellular environment; also helps with faster signaling

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18
Q

Sequence of events for neural transmission

A
  1. Receptor stimulated
  2. Local potential - small & graded potential in amplitude and duration
  3. Action potential - large, “all or none”, depolarizing signal
  4. Synapses - transfer of signal by neurotransmitters
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19
Q

Local potential

A
  • small and graded in amplitude and duration
  • generated through receptor or synaptic potential
  • spreads passively and confined to a small area of neuron membrane
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20
Q

Action Potential

A
  • large, “all or none”, depolarizing signal
  • actively propagates along neuron axon
  • travelling 1-way to presynaptic terminal
  • repeatedly generates signal
  • can be produced by spatial or temporal summation
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21
Q

Stimulation has to reach “threshold” intensity of _____ mV to produce AP

A

-55

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22
Q

will increasing stimulation intensity result in a change of amplitude or duration of AP?

A

No

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23
Q

Neuronal membrane are ________ permeable

A

selectively

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24
Q

Membrane potential (electric potential)

A

Separation of different charges across the membrane creating electrical
potential of -70mV

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25
membrane potential is caused by
- uneven distribution of ions in/outside (Na+, K+, and anions) - cell membrane is more permeable to K+ than Na+
26
protein channels spanning the membrane can be opened/closed. Ex.
Open Na+ channel causes influx of Na+ into cell since more Na+ is normally present outside
27
Extracellular fluid is more _____ charged
positively
28
Intracellular fluid is more _______ charged
negatively
29
2 types of membrane potential physiology
1. electric gradient/force: difference in electric charge across membrane 2. chemical gradient/diffuse force: difference in concentration of specific ion across membrane
30
4 types of channels
leak, modality-gated, ligand-gated, voltage-gated
31
leak channels
(non-gated) small amount of ions diffuse through membrane at slow continuous rate
32
Modality-gated channel
(sensory neurons only) opens in reaction to mechanical stimulation, temperature, or chemicals
33
ligand-gated channels
opens when neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic receptors, generating local potentials
34
Voltage-gated channels
opens in reaction to change in electric potential, generating action potentials
35
resting membrane potential
-70 mV
36
At rest, inside of neuron is more ____ than outside.
(-) -inside w/more K+ and anions -outside with more Na+ and Cl-
37
dynamic equilibrium of resting potential (RP) is maintained by
- (-) charged anions trapped inside neuron - passive diffusion of K+ and Na+ through leak channels - Na+ - K+ pump
38
Na+ - K+ pump requires ATP which allows ___ K+ into cell and ___ Na+ out
2, 3
39
when is it easier for the nerve to conduct, when depolarized or hyperpolarized?
depolarized
40
Spatial summation
adding of all signals from different neurons
41
temporal summation
adding of signals from the same previous neuron; has a time element
42
3 stages of AP
1. Rising depolarizing phase - more + from -70 mV to +30 mV/+35mV 2. Falling repolarizing phase: more - from +30 mV to -70 mV 3. Re-setting hyperpolarizing phase: more - than RP at -90 mV
43
More Na+ enters the cell
easier the depolarization happens. more Na inside, the easier it is for more Na to enter (Like oxygen and hemoglobin)
44
As more Na+ moves into the neuron
more and more Na+ channels open - hence, the rapidly changing polarity from – to + produces action potential
45
small change in membrane voltage depolarizes it enough to open Na+ channels. which type of channels?
Voltage-gated Na+ channels
46
during repolarization to hyperpolarization and finally to RP
Na+ channels start to close, and K+ voltage-gated channels start to open. - K+ channels are slower to respond to the AP’s depolarization.
47
K+ ions exit and membrane potential falls toward RP from + to – toward _____ mV
-70
48
____ channels remain open leading to hyperpolarized membrane potential (below -70mV).
K+
49
Gradually active __________ the ions to restore RP of 70mV
Na+ - K+ pumps
50
Refractory period phases
1. Absolute: completely unresponsive to stimuli * Most of Na+ channels have been open and not yet reset to resting state. 2. Relative: may respond to stronger stimuli * Most of Na+ channels are reset
51
Refractory periods advantageous for
promotion of fwd propagation of AP and preventing bwd flow.
52
when can a new AP be generated?
in the relative refractory period but may need a stronger stimulus
53
3 phases of communication within a neuron
1. AP: neural impulse created when a neuron fires. the impulse travels from the dendrites down the axon to the terminal branches 2. Refractory period: the brief instance when a new action potential cannot be generated because the neuron is recharging after the previous AP. 3. RP: the state of a neuron when it is charged but waiting for the next AP.
54
Factors influencing AP conduction velocity
1. diameter of axon 2. myelin 3. temperature
55
diameter of axon
- Larger = faster - Larger allows more current flow with less time needed to change electrical charge of adjacent membrane.
56
Myelin
- Sheath of protein and fats provides insulation to prevent current flow across membrane. - Greater physical separation of charges across membrane, thereby preserving amplitude of impulse
57
temperature
- Warm membrane proteins react faster, cooler slower
58
Which cells provide myelin for neurons in CNS and PNS?
oligodendrocytes & Schwan cells
59
Nodes of Ranvier
- Placed q 0.2 to 2 mm - Location of AP generation and voltage-gated Na+ channels - Saltatory conduction: AP leaps from node to node
60
Saltatory conduction
Action potential appears to leap from node to node along axon, spreading quickly thru myelinated regions. Depolarization occurs only at Nodes of Ranvier. * Unmyelinated areas with high density of voltage-gated ion channels.
61
Continuous conduction
AP propagates along unmyelinated axonal membrane. * Step-by-step depolarization of each part of length of axon * As Na+ flows into cell, voltage of next areas is impacted and their voltage-gated Na+ channels open
62
Will continuous or saltatory conduction be faster?
saltatory conduction
63
where are large myelinated fibers?
peripheral sensory and motor axons
64
where are the thin unmyelinated fibers?
* Short axons in gray matter of CNS * Some visceral autonomic axons * Some pain fibers
65
AP in nerve cells
- Resting membrane potential is -70mV - Nerve AP is 0.5 to 2 msec - Fastest nerve conduction velocity is 18 x faster than velocity over skeletal muscle fibers.
66
AP in muscle cells
- Resting skeletal and cardiac muscle resting potential is ~ -90mV - Resting visceral smooth muscles are -20mV to -50mV. - Muscle AP lasts 1-5 msec. - Cardiac and smooth muscle AP lasts 10-300 msec.
67
Clinical implications of disruption of myelin?
slow down, some muscles may be affected more than the others depending on where the myelin damage is, weakness, coordination issues.
68
Clinical implications of electrolyte imbalance?
Confusion and altered mental status, Seizures, Muscle weakness and cramps, Numbness and paresthesias, Fatigue and lethargy, Mood swings and irritability, Cardiac arrhythmias

Clinical Neuroscience (4 decks)

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