Lecture 1 Flashcards
What substance was the first to be considered potentially ‘addictive’?
Alcohol
Alcohol was recognized for its potential addictive qualities in the historical context of excessive consumption.
During the 1600-1700s, what was the primary concern regarding alcohol consumption?
Consequences such as gout, jaundice, and depression
The behavior of excessive drinking itself was not a significant concern during this period.
Who linked alcohol to public health issues and social factors in 1784?
Dr. Benjamin Rush
He authored ‘An inquiry into the effect of ardent spirits on the human mind and body.’
What year was the American Association for the Cure of Inebriates (AACI) founded?
1870
This marked a shift in viewing alcoholism as a medical disorder.
What significant organization was founded in 1935 for alcohol rehabilitation?
Alcoholics Anonymous
It aimed to create a supportive community for individuals struggling with alcoholism.
What was the view of alcoholism in the early psychodynamic perspective (1940s-1970s)?
Insufficient or improper psychosexual development leading to psychological disturbance
This was expressed through excessive alcohol consumption.
In psychodynamic perspectives, what does the ego do?
Manages the basic impulses of the Id with the moral conscience of the superego
This balance is crucial in understanding substance dependence.
What is the current understanding of substance-related addictions?
Recognized as mental disorders influenced by biological, psychological, environmental, and social factors
This perspective highlights the complexity of addiction.
What are the two types of models in disease models of addiction?
Susceptibility and exposure models
These models explain the progression of addiction.
What does the term ‘tolerance’ mean in the context of addiction?
A symptom where increased substance intake is needed to achieve the same effect
It results from chronic activation of the brain’s reward pathways.
What does withdrawal indicate in disease models of addiction?
Physical symptoms experienced upon cessation of substance use
These symptoms motivate further drug use to avoid discomfort.
What is the role of operant conditioning in substance use?
The reward (euphoria) reinforces the behavior of substance ingestion
This is a key concept in understanding addiction behavior.
What major change occurred from DSM-IV to DSM-5 regarding addiction terminology?
Terms ‘substance abuse’ and ‘substance dependence’ were replaced with ‘substance use disorders’
This reflects a shift in how these disorders are classified.
What new disorder was added to DSM-5?
Cannabis withdrawal and caffeine withdrawal
These were recognized as new disorders in the latest edition.
What is a behavioral addiction?
An addiction to a process or non-substance related activity that produces excessive reward seeking
It does not involve drug ingestion but still leads to addiction-like behaviors.
What is the difference between behavioral addictions and impulse control disorders?
Behavioral addictions are designed to generate pleasure, while impulse control disorders focus on reducing distress
This distinction highlights different motivations behind the disorders.
What are the evolutionary approaches to understanding behavioral addictions?
Pleasure centers in the brain promote behaviors critical for survival, which can lead to difficulties in resisting gratification
This suggests addiction may be a malfunction of these evolved mechanisms.
What are the requirements for new disorders according to the American Psychiatric Association?
Emphasis on research evidence, continuity with existing manual, and implementability in clinical practice
These guidelines help ensure that new disorders are scientifically valid.
