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CRO 1 Spring 25 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

___ is a group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells in the body

A

Cancer

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2
Q

Which 3 cancers are most common among males

A
  • Prostate
  • colorectal
  • melanoma
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3
Q

Which 3 cancers are most common among females

A
  • Breast
  • Thyroid
  • Uterine corpus
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4
Q

Epidemiology deals with

A

Patterns of Incidence, and death rates of disease with sex, race and location

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5
Q

Which races (2) have a higher cancer incidence rate

A
  • Blacks
  • Whites
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6
Q

Etiology is the study of

A

Cause or manner of disease or condition

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7
Q

External cancer causes are (4)

A
  • Tobacco
  • Infectious organisms
  • Chemical
  • Radiation
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8
Q

Internal cancer factors are (3)

A
  • Inherited and metabolism mutations
  • Hormones
  • Immune conditions
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9
Q

50-80% of cancers are thought to be caused by ___ factors

A

Environmental (majority of cancers are preventable)

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10
Q

Carcinogenesis is __________. By creating a _______ _______ of transformed neoplastic cells

A
  • A multistage process where normal cells turn into cancer
  • Cologenic population
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11
Q

Cancers are either ___ or caused by ___ ___

A
  • Inherited
  • Genetic damage
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12
Q

What percent of cancers are strongly hereditary

A

5%

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13
Q

Most cancers are caused by damage to

A

Genes

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14
Q

Chemical cancer factors environmental and indrustrial are (7)

A
  • Asbestos (lung)
  • Benzene (lymphoid tissue)
  • Cadmium (Lung)
  • Coal tars (skin)
  • Formaldehyde (nose)
  • Mustard gas (pharynx)
  • Nitrates
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15
Q

Medical drug induced is an external factor because

A

treatment can lead to secondary neoplasm after curing primary (MOPP in hodgkins disease)

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16
Q

Organs resistant to radiation carcinogensis include (3)

A
  • Kidneys
  • Bladder
  • Ovaries
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17
Q

TD 5/5 represents

A

Rad dose that would result in 5% of population have complications in 5 years

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18
Q

TD 50/5 represents

A

Rad dose that would result in 50% of population have complications in 5 years

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19
Q

Red meat and saturated fats increase risk of what cancers (2)

A
  • Large bowel
  • Prostate
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20
Q

Early detection of asymptomatic cancer tests include (3)

A
  • PSA (prostate)
  • Pap smear (cervicle)
  • Mommograpgy (breast)
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21
Q

Cancer warning signs
C -
A -
U -
T -
I -
O -
N -

A
  • Change in bowel
  • A sore that does not heal
  • Unusual Bleeding/Discharge
  • Thickening of lump
  • Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
  • Obvious change in wart
  • Nagging cough or hoarsness
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22
Q

Astrocytoma and glioblastoma are cancer cells that arise from the ___

23
Q

Seminoma and Choriocarcinoma are cancer cells that arise from the ___

24
Q

Small cell and large cell are cancers of the

25
Histology playes a major role in the ___ ___ that are available to the patient
Treatment options
26
Cell differentiation stages - G1 - G2 - G3/G4
- Well differentiated - Moderatetely or well differentiated - Poorly differentiated
27
Grading is looks at the ___ of the tumor
aggressiveness
28
___ is more important in bone and muscle tumors in treatment and prognosis
Grade
29
TNM N - Stands for - Looking at (4)
- Regional lymoh nodes - Size, firmness, encapsulation, Ipsilateral or cantrateral
30
TNM M - Stands for - Most common sites are
- Metastasis - Lung, Liver, bone marrow, brain
31
Staging - cTNM is - pTNM is
- Non-invasive, accessable sites (head, neck, skin) - Surgical procedures, inaccessible sites
32
TNM T - stands for - Looks for
- Primary tumor - Depth of invasion, Surface spread, Size
33
T1 lesion - Location - Size in cm - Invdaes, yes or no?
- Confined to Origin - under 2cm - No invasion
34
T2 lesion - Location - Size in cm - Invdaes, yes or no?
- Locaized but deeper into tisues - 2-5 cm - Yes
35
T3 lesion - Location - Size in cm
- Regional - 4-5 cm
36
T4 lesion - Size in cm - Invdaes, yes or no?
Greater than 10cm. massive lesion - Yes, fixed and destructive
37
Treatment depends on (5)
- Agressiveness - Spread predictability - Morbity and mortality - Cure rate - Therapeutic ratio
38
Surgery is used for - Definetive treatment of ___ ___ - ___ therapy - ___ and rehabilitaion - Debulking ___ cancer - Palliation and relief in ___ emergencies
- Localized margins - Adjuvant therapy - Reconstructive - residual - oncologic
39
When is adjuvant therapy is used
After surgery when radiation has controlled the tumor
40
What is neoadjuvant therapy
Initail therapy for localized cancers
41
When is induction used
When there is no effective treatment exists
42
What are concurrent agents (2)
radiosensitizers or radioprotectors
43
Relative ratio - What is it - Indirect adjustment for
- Ratio of observed survival rate compared to the general population survival rate - death due to causes other than cancer
44
Pain is caused when the ccancer spreads to the (4)
- soft tissue - organs - bones - nerves
45
Obsticals to pain relief (4)
- Fear of adiction - Fear of side effects - Inadequate knowledge - Inadequate pain assessment
46
Pain assessment tests (4)
- Numerical scale - Visual analog scale - Categorical scale - Pain faces scale
47
non-opioids - Choice for - Includes (2)
- Mild pain - Acetaminophen and tylenol
48
Opioids pain score - Weak - Strong
- 4-6 pain score - >7 Pain score
49
What are adjuvant analgesics
Medicines used for other than pain (antidepressants, steriods)
50
side effects of pain meds (6)
- Drowsiness - Nausea - Constipation - Slowing of breathing - Confusion - Medicine tolerance
51
____ controls body temp
Hypothalamus
52
Temp average - Oral C/F - Rectal C/F - Axilla C/F
- 37/98.6 - 37.5/99.5 - 36.5/97.7
53
Define pulse
palpable pounding of blood flow
54
Normal pulse ranges - Infant - School age - Adult
-120-160 min - 90-100 min - 60-90 min

CRO 1 Spring 25 (5 decks)

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