lecture 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Lecture Themes
A
- What is Abnormality
- Classification
- Prevelence of Mental Illness
- Reserch
- Reserch Designs
- History
- Theories in Histoy
2
Q
when we look at disorders we are looking at
A
- behaviours
- thoughts
- feelings
- physiology
3
Q
what is abnormal?
A
- there is no consesensus defenition
- howerver,there are some clear elements of abnormality
- it has a medical model perspective
4
Q
Elements of Abnormality
they need to have all of them to be a disorder - with some exceptions
A
- Subjective disstress - psychological suffering
- Maladaptivness - impairment in important area of life (work/school,relationships
- Statistical devency - uncommon (some exeptions such as anxiety and depression
- Violation of social norms- acting outside of cultural standards
- Social disconfort - causing others to feel uncomfortable
- Irrationality or Unpredictability - unexpected responses to stressors
- Dangerousness - dengerous to self or others
5
Q
How we classify abnormality?
A
- Standardized manual
-American Psychological Association (US and Canada) : DSM-5 - World Health Organization (rest of the world): ICD-10 - much broader then the DSM
6
Q
DSM-5 Defenition of mental disorder
A
- it start as a Biological, Psychological, or Developmental dysfunctional in individual
- Then it becomes clinically significant disturbence in behvaiour,emotional regulation or cognitive function
- Then is assoiated with distress or disability, inability to function in a domain
- due to the distress feed more to the biological,or phychological or developmental dysfunction
7
Q
Why classify
A
Nomenclature allows us to structure information to:
- communication (reserch and clinical settings)
- organize meaningfully (features of disorder) - organize disorders that are similar together instead of randomy
- Facilitate reserch (causes and treatment) if a cause or treatment is found and they know the disorder realtes to another, it facilitate the treatment to the other sidorder as well
- Define what count as abnormal
8
Q
Disadvantage of classification
A
-
Social and political implications - How does a society adress mental illness (rehabillitation/treatment)
(confinment/ostracism? -
Stigma against people with mental illnes - how are people who have psychological disorders treated differently when this information in public?
(housing,medical care,social reletionship,employments)
9
Q
Stigma in Canada
A
- often stigma prevents people from seeking out treatment .
- it also affects how people feel about telling others (50% wouldn’t)
- ** it affect physical proximity others would be with a mentally ill person** (be scared of them,be friends with them)
- it affects how people think of how much mental illness impacts the economy
- it affects how much people will go looking for professionals or will deal with it on ther own
10
Q
Prevalance of DSM-5 disorder
A
- 46% of people will experience a psychological disorder within their lifetime
- many beging during childhood or adolecense
11
Q
prevalance
A
number of active cases in population in a given period of time (already existing cases)
- expressed as percentages (ex: 20% of the population
- Different types (based on period of time
-point prevelence
-one-year prevelance (in the past year)
-lifetime prevelence (had a disorder in their lifetime up to that point)
12
Q
- Incidents
A
number of new cases in a population over a given period of time (new cases)
- it does not mean cases that already existed
- prevalence will always be greater then incidence
-
13
Q
prevalence - lifetime & 12 months
A
- lifetime has greater number of cases then the 12 month prevelence
14
Q
How do we help people?
A
- Understand the disorders
- Develop effective treatments
to do this we to do reserch!
15
Q
Why Reserch?
A
to avoid misconceptions and errors:
- we have to adopt a scientific attitude and approch to the study of abnormal behaviour
-good information comes from good reserch design
16
Q
good reserch design
A
- Methods that distinguish between what is observable vs hypothetical or inferred
- we observe make inferrenses about what we have observed (is it consistent with our hypothesis?)
17
Q
Where do we get information about abnormal behaviour?
A
- Case studies: looking at the behvaiour of a single person using an experimental design
- Direct observation: observing behaviour in response to a stimulus
- Psychophysiological varibles: ex: skin conductance (sweat),heart rate,rate of breathing
-
self-report data: people answering question about themselves
for that they need to be:
-aware,
-to want to share their illness
-be able to do it - Implicit behaviour: people performing a task that demostrates their belifs about how closely 2 things are related to each other (ex: ‘‘myself’’ and ‘‘kind’’)
18
Q
Sampling ande generalization
who should reserches include in a study?
A
-
individuals similar in their behavioural abnormalities
-to identify what is common to their abnormalities (not just the individuals) -
Group should mirror the underlying population in all important ways
-to generalize the finding of a study to the population at large(different ethinicities,age,sex) -
large,randomely selected groups are ideal
-These are most likely to represent the general population
19
Q
criterion and comperison groups
To test hypotheses,reserches use a comperison group of people who:
A
- do not exhibit the disorder
- are comparable in other major ways to the criterion group
The restrictions are used to identify which behaviour is releted only to the disorder
20
Q
Observational Reserch Design
A
- studies things as they are
- excellent way to determine correletion
- but not to determine causation (correlation DOES NOT EQUAL causation)
21
Q
Experimental Strategies
A
- Manipulating one variable (Idependent variable/IV)
- Seeing what effect this has on another variable (the dependent variable,DV)
Experimental Desig can determine causation!
22
Q
Single-case Experimental Design
exepromental design for one person
A
- used to make causal inferences in individual cases (ABAB design)
23
Q
ABAB design
A
no veriable (A),add a variable (B), no variable (A), add the varible back (B)
ex: a person has difficulty speaking in person(A),go to speech theray(B), no more speach therpy(A), go back to speech terapy (B)
- throughot all these we analyze the individual responses
- and we can conclude that the only difference in responses is the precense of the B meanin we can infer causality
24
Q
A Sound,Comprhensive Study adhere to these principles:
A
- Uses a scientific approch
- Maintane opnness to new ideas (not just trying to prove what the person think is true)
- the study needs to show respect for dignity and integrity of all persons in the study,especially those who are struggling with psychological problems
25
Treatment in history
* Drilling a hole in the skull
* starvation
* vegetarism
* dunking body into hot water
* sensory deprevation
* marriage
26
why care about history?
* Belifs about the causes of disorders leads to:
-what treatments are used
-how disorders are prevented
* our current understanding of etiology(causes) and treatment is based on what have and havent learned from history
27
Beware theories of etiology
* good observation is timeless
* interpretation of causes of behaviours is subject to **bias**
* observations are interpreted through **the dominant paradigm**
28
History Overview
* **Demonology** was an early idea about the origin of mental illness
* 20th century(beginning of current view)
- **Somatogenic**(Biological basis)
- **Psychogenic**(Psychodynamic)
- **Psychological Reserch**(Behaviourism)
29
**Demonology**
* supernatural theory: bad spirits dwell within a person and control their minds and bodies
30
Treatment
* Ostracism (exclusion)
* Exorcism
* Treppanning (making a hole in the skull)
31
**Somatogenism theories**
* **something physically wrong,disturbs thought and behaviour**
* **HIppocrates** - separated magic and supersticions from medicina
32
**Hippocrates & Somatogenis**
* physical problem needs physical treatment
* ** 4 humors(blood, black bile,yellow bile,phlegm)** - he belived that we had all this componants in our bodies but if they were imbalanced it would cause disturbamces
-Example :
Excess black bile > melancholia
treatment: quiet lifestyle,veggie diet,exercise,celebacy,bleeding
-
33
**Psychogenesis theories**
* **mental illness is due to psychological malfunctions** such as:
* Indequate moral development
-treatment: morral treatment
* stuck in a psychosexual development phase
-treatment:psychoterapy
* reinforcement for problematic behaviour
-treatment: token economy
34
lessons from history
* what influences ideas about etiology?
-current paradigms
* why do bad ideas perisit
-easier not to question what has been told?
* what factors keep a theoretical viewpoint at play?
* what motivates treatment
-doctors
-patients
-society
