Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

psyc 300 > Childhood Disorders > Flashcards

Childhood Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Developmental Psychopathology

A

Origins & course of individual maladaptation in context of typical growth processes

something goes wrong in the typical childhood development?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Epidemiology

A

Point prevalence
* **~15% children (4-17yrs) **clinically significant mental health issue

  • Anxiety most common
  • Likely underestimate
  • Don’t meet diagnostic criteria
  • Self-presentation concerns
  • => suicides “out of nowhere”
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Epidemiology

A

Trends

  • Anxiety & depression increasing in girls
  • > 50% children have comorbid disorder
  • < 25% get treatment
  • Treatment wait times long
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Onset

Median age of disorder onset:

A

6 Anxiety
11 Behavioural
13 Mood
15 Substance use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Most Common Mental Health Problem

A
  • Anxiety, irrational fears
  • Depression
  • Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
  • Aggression, rule violation(conduct disorder)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Child Development & Biopsychosocial Model

A

How is functioning different from adults ?
* Biological
* Psychological
* Social

How might differences influence disordered thinking and behaviour?

How are children more vulnerable to developing psychopathology?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Bio differences between adults and children

A

Brain
* Incomplete development of the PFC (the “brakes”) leaves the amygdala (the “gas”) unchecked

  • Aggression, fear, lack of impulse control

adults have PFC developed that control impulses (the amygdala)

Synaptic pruning
* What you practice is what you keep
* Automatic cognitions => strong connections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Psycho differences between adults and children

A
  • Theory of mind: ability to take a perspective of another person -not present during childhood
  • Self = cause of others’ behaviour

* Simplistic view of self/the world(black and white)

  • Immediate threats = VERY important, children dont see the long game,something they can get help
  • Lack of experience
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Social differences between children and adults

A

Relationships

  • Dependence on others:survival,emotional

*Lack of control over environment

  • Level of stress in environment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Social differences between children and adults

A

Maltreatment

  • 235,000 reported investigations (2003)
  • ½ substantiated - found evidence
  • maltreatment increses the odds of developing psychological disorder
  • Causal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Treatment

A

Evidence Based Treatments
CBT
IPT
Family Systems

Other Common Treatments
Psychodynamic therapy
Play therapy (e.g., sand play therapy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Issues for Treatment

A

Child can’t seek treatment
Pros/Cons
Early intervention vs. no intervention

Need to treat parents/family
Pros/Cons
Frequency can increase vs. counteracting treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Internalizing Disorders

A

disorders that the child internilizes their thoughts and feelings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Anxiety & Depression

A

High comorbidity(between them)

Anxiety symptoms 1st before depression symtops

Similar negative affect of anxiety and depression
* Nervous
* Sad
* Angry
* Guilty
* Worried

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Social Etiological Differences

A

Environmental triggers:

Anxiety: threat, risk

Depression: loss, high stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Anxiety

A

Epidemiology

  • ~6% of children (ages 5-17)
  • High comorbidity among anxiety disorders
  • **Girls **> boys (2:1
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Etiology: Bio/Psycho

A

Genes

**Temperament: **
Behavioural Inhibition (is genetic)

  • Tendency to avoid novel & unfamiliar situations (e.g., toys, people)
  • Differences in autonomic reactivity(high stress response)
  • More easily conditioned to anxiety?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Etiology: Social

A

Family
Early relationships
(parent ↑ anxiety & ↓ adaptive coping skills)

Parents: anxiety sensitizers(encoraging) - the child is more likely to develop anxiety vs. suppressors
Ex. child wakes up
“upset stomach”
“scared something bad might happen”

Environment
Unusual level of stress, threat exposure
(e.g., dangerous neighborhood, war/bombings, maltreatment)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Treatment

A

Bio
* SSRIs (+ CBT) - not as helpful

Psychosocial
* Behaviour therapy (expousere)

  • Child CBT + parent/family treatment
  • 2x as effective as child alone
    (e.g., parent-child interaction therapy; PCIT)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Depression

A

Same as adult criteria but…

Can be irritable instead of depressed

only in children

21
Q

Epidemiology

A

Age
* Preschool (1%)
* Grade school (2-4%)
* Adolescents (8-15%)

Sex
* Childhood – approximately equal
* Adolescence – Girls : boys = 2:1

Course
* Average MajorDepressiveEpisode 7-9 months (same as adults)
* After 2 years, 90% recovered
* Recurrent
* dont want 4 recurrent episode

22
Q

Etiology

A

Psycho
Perfectionism
(Others same as for adults)

Social
Depressed parent
* 2-3x more depression
* 15% to 45% lifetime risk
* Critical parent
(Others same as for adults)

23
Q

Etiology/Presentation: Psycho

A

Formal operations (adolescence)

  • Abstract, complex thought
    “Life is meaningless”
  • Egocentrism
    “No one understands”
  • Cognitive inflexibility
    “Nothing will ever change”

trap for depression, if u are thinking like that which is very normal in adolescents

24
Q

Presentation

A

Children

  • Somatic complaints, psychomotor retardation
  • Greater overlap with anxiety

Adolescents

  • Hopelessness, hypersomnia, weight changes
25
Depression & Suicide
**Ages 12-17**: 2nd leading cause of death **Ages 5-14:** 5th leading cause of death
26
**Treatment**
**Bio** * SSRIs **Psycho** * CBT * Behavioural activation **Social** * Interpersonal Therapy (IPT)
27
Externalizing Disorders
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Conduct Disorder (CD)
28
ADHD
Epidemiology: **1%-7%** of population 4:1 **Male**:Female **60% continue to have ADHD as adults**
29
**Symptoms**
Hyperactivity Forgetfulness Poor impulse control Distractibility “Run by a motor”
30
Nature of ADHD
**Chronic neurological disorder** **No known medical cure**: **Variety of treatments to manage symptoms** **Diagnosis controversial**
31
Diagnosis:Subtypes
1. **Inattentive**: forgeting,not being aware 2. **Hyperactive-impulsive**: run by a motor,impulsive 3. **Combination**
32
**Etiology: Bio**
Genes >**30% have family member with ADHD** NTs **low level of DA** Pre-perinatal stress **Cocaine use** **Birth complications**(hypoxia)
33
**Etiology: Psychosocial**
**Not much** Family adversity & disorganization Weak correlation (Directional relationship?)
34
**Presentation: Bio** **Hyperactivity-impulse control**
* **Poor connections between amygdala & PFC** (impulse control) * **Underactive Behavioural Inhibition System** (BIS) * **Underarousal theory**
35
# p1 **Presentation: Bio** **Inattention**
**Striatum** + **frontal lobes** + **posterior periventricular region** (**controlling & directing attention**) - less active in adhd kids and adults * Interconnected with sensory cortices * **Act as a gate** **Important information registers Irrelevant “noise” filtered out**
36
# p2 **Presentation: Bio Inattention:**
**Under-functioning “gates” unable to filter out incresing stimuli** **Sensory cortices flooded with incoming messages** => **High blood flow** (esp. to vision & sound input areas)
37
**Treatment: Bio**
**Methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta)** * **Redistributes blood flow in brain** * **increses** function of striatum, frontal lobes, & posterior periventricular region * **increses** availability of DA * **Increased** focus, inhibitory control, regulation of extraneous motor behaviour (e.g., fidgeting) * **Reduce symptoms in 60%-80%** of school age children * Prescriptions incresed 600% 1985-2002 * But...overmedicating children?
38
**Treatment: Psychosocial**
**Cognitive interventions NOT successful** **Behavioural parent (& teacher) training**(make a difference) * Behavioural programs emphasizing: attention, self-control, & obeying rules But... * **Medication most effective** * Important to teach other skills (e.g., social skills) for longer-term improvement
39
# externalization disorder **Conduct Disorder (CD)**
**Violation of rules & disregard for basic rights of others** 1. **Aggression to people and animals** 2. **Destruction of property** 3. **Deceitfulness or theft** 4. **Serious violation of rules**
40
Epidemiology: CD
**Comorbidity** * ADHD(impulse control issues) * Substance abuse * Anxiety and depression also common **Prevalence (ages 4-16)** * 8% of **boys** * 3% of girls **Course** 1. **Childhood onset**: **Male** > Female - “**Life course persistent**” 2. **Adolescent onset**: **Male = Female** - “**Adolescence limited**” (maturity gap?)
41
**Etiology: Bio**
**Genes** **50% heritability of antisocial behaviour** **Shared environment 20%** **Person-specific (non-shared environment) 30%** decrese MAOA => aggression
42
**Etiology: Biopsycho**
**Genes: What is inherited?** * **Callous-unemotional style**: not care about how others react to things/ u also dont care * **Executive dysfunction** Poor problem-solving & planning ability => poorly thought out, maladaptive reactions to distress & conflict * **Testosterone imbalance** * **Sensation-seeking** Chronic underarousal => stimulus-seeking
43
Etiology: Psycho
**Empathy & perspective-taking deficits**: lack of theory of mind,lack of empathy **Hostile attributional bias**
44
**Etiology: Social**
**Modeling** **Inter-parent discord** **Overly harsh discipline** **Inconsistent contingencies** (e.g., based on caregiver's mood): inconsistent punishment for the same action **Low involvement, weak bonding, poor monitoring**(high negliget,high harshness,hostility) **Differential attending/rewarding** (coercive process) - parents give negative attention, but no attention to good behaviour attention being a reward/operant conditioning
45
Treatment: Bio
Stimulant medication? **Methylphenidate** findings consistent with theory and evidence on low arousal
46
Treatment: Social
**Harsh discipline => increases delinquency** **Family intervention** * **Parent management training** **Multisystemic treatment (MST)** * Involves child, family, school, peer group * **Often used instead of incarceration**
47
# family intervation **Parent Management Training**
**Relationship-building (1:1 time)** **Attending** (& active ignoring small behaviour) **Effective instructions**(more specific) **Praise/reward system** (shaping) - immidiate rewards **Consequences (privilege removal, attn withdrawal)**(no extreme pusnishment) Examples of programs that deal with this are: * Incredible Years * Triple P
48
**Multisystemic Therapy**
Aspects of: **CBT, case management, family systems treatment** * “Fit” between problem and systemic context * **Encourage responsible behaviour in family members** * **Require daily/weekly effort from family** it works!!
49

psyc 300 (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions