lecture 1

Question 1

what are the functions of the cortex?

Answer 1

the functions are.
*receiving signals/information from the periphery.
*process signals
* plan reactions/movement
* activation of muscles

Question 2

what does the diencephelon exist out of?

Answer 2

*thalamus
*hypothalamus
*optic chiasm
* optic nerve
* optic tract
* mamilary body

Question 3

What does the hind brain exist of?

Answer 3

meyelensephalon, metencephalon

Question 4

what does the midbrain exist of?

Answer 4

mesencephalon

Question 5

what does the forebrain exist of?

Answer 5

diencephalon, telencephalon

Question 6

what is the central NS?

Answer 6

brain and spinal cord

Question 7

what is the peripher NS?

Answer 7

cranial nerves, spinal nerves, spinal ganglia, (para-) sympathetid nerves.

Question 8

ignore

Answer 8

ignore

Question 9

What is general staining

Answer 9

can be applied to al tissue. it stained nuclei and cytoplasm in different color.

Question 10

What is histochemical staining

Answer 10

are based on the interaction of substance present in tissue with specific stains. these techniques are based on physicochemical properties of these substances

Question 11

What is enzymechnical staining?

Answer 11

are based on the development of colored product by the activity of an enzyme that is present in the cells.

Question 12

what are immunocytichemical staining?

Answer 12

make us of antibodies that are raised against antigens present in the tissue. By using so called secondary, and/or tertairy antibodies to which reporters molecule/enzyme are attached, the localzation of the respective antigen can be visualized.

Question 13

what do astrocytes do?

Answer 13

13- Mechanical (stabilization) and metabolic support (regulation of the micro mileu), form the brain-blood barrier, because they fill in all gaps are named the connective tissue of the brain. While neurons degenerate at high proliferative astrocytes fill the space and form scar tissue

Question 14

What are microglia ?

Answer 14

Monocytes/macrophages. Microglia is related to several diseases.

Question 15

What do oligodendrocytes do?

Answer 15

Form the myelin sheath. They are found especially in tracts.

Question 16

What are Ependym cells?

Answer 16

Specialized epithelium cells along cavities, covering the ventricular wall. those cells form the CSF-brain barrier.

Question 17

What is the neuropil?

Answer 17

The complex tissue surrounding neurons and glia, mainly consisting of neural and glial extensions

Question 18

What are never fibers?

Answer 18

In the peripheral nervous system, axons and dendrites are called nerve fibers.

Question 19

Where are motor neurons located ?

Answer 19

In the anterior horn of the spinal cord of the brain stem

Question 20

Where are sensory neurons located?

Answer 20

In the dorsal root ganglia (posterior side of spinal cord)

Question 21

Tell the difference of what white matter and gray matter consist.

Answer 21

White matter is composed of myelinated axons and glia cells. Gray matter also contains perikarya (the cell body of a neuron).

Question 22

Explain a bit about the dorsal horn.

Answer 22

A part of the grey matter where the sensory information of afferent neurons of the dorsal root ganglion enter through the dorsal root.

Question 23

Explain a bit about the lateral horn.

Answer 23

A part of the grey matter with visceromotor neurons. (for sweat, blood, vessel, organs.)

Question 24

Explain a bit about the ventral horn.

Answer 24

A part of the grey matter with somatomotor neurons (for skeletal muscle) whose axons exit through the vessels, organs.

Question 25

Give some information about non-myelinated and myelinated nerve

Answer 25

Non-myelinated nerve fibers course from and to organs and are part of the autonomic nervous system. These fibers also conduct all afferent (dendrite information). myelinated fibers are mosly efferent(axons), and course to muscle and gland. Most nerves are mixed with both afferent and efferent fibers.

Question 26

One responsibility of the spinal cord is the transmission of unconscious signals, based on information surrounding tissue. Explain how the signals will go.

Answer 26

One responsibility of the spinal cord is the transmission of unconscious signals, based on information out of the surrounding tissue. Sensoric neurons, showing their paricaria in the spinal cord, send a signal via the dorsal horn towards the grey matter of the spinal cord. The signal gets transmitted either directly (**monosynaptic** i.e. from a muscle back to the same muscle) or via an interneuron (**polysynaptic**, i.e. from the skin towards a muscle.) concerning a polysynaptic reflex. The interneuron transmits either to an** ipsilateral motorneuron** (same side) or a** contralateral motorneuron**. (different side).

Question 27

What is the general function of the cranial part of the reticular formation

Answer 27

The cranial part interacts predominantly with higher centers of the brian regulating arousal and forebrain activity

Question 28

What is the general function of the caudal part of the reticular formation?

Answer 28

The caudal parts from the interface between diencephalon and the muscles of autonomous functions. In addition this part is involved in extrapyramidal.

Question 29

What does the raphe nuclei do?

Answer 29

The raphe nuclei are part of the descending pain-control system and have been proposed to regulate level of arousal, to be important for phasic changes in the level of attention.

Question 30

What does the ventral tegmental are (VTA) do?

Answer 30

The ventral tegmental are (VTA) is involved in the initiation of movement with its projection to the striatum and the motor cortex. Extensive dopaminergic projections to pre-frontal areas and limbic structures suggest that this system is also involved in motivation, reward system and cognition.

Question 31

What does the Locus ceruleus do (Latin for bleu spot) do?

Answer 31

The locus ceruleus (latin for blue spot) a collection of pigment cells located near the floor of the fourth ventricle is thought to be involved in physiological responses to stress and panic as part of the reticular activating system it may play a role in maintaining attention and vigilance.

Question 32

Explain a bit about the median part .

Answer 32

The median part comprising raphe nuclei which act as pain modulator both ascending and descending.

Question 33

Explain a bit about the medial part.

Answer 33

The medial part is integrated into both sensory and motor pathways interaction. It gets afferences e.g. from the cranial nerve nuclei and the spinal cord, efference reach the diencephalon, stratium and neocortex . this part modulates spinal cord function and segmental nociceptive input.

Question 33

Explain a bit about the lateral part.

Answer 33

The lateral part interacts. E.g. with parasympathetic cranial nerves and the hypothalamus. It is involved with cardiovascular, respiratory, vasoreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes and regulates respiratory, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal activity.

Question 34

Basal ganglia consist of

Answer 34

the corpus striatum which contains the caudate and lenticular nuclei (the putamen, globus pallidus externus, and internus), the subthalamic nucleus (STN), and the substantia nigra (SN)