lecture 1 Flashcards
what are the functions of the cortex?
the functions are.
*receiving signals/information from the periphery.
*process signals
* plan reactions/movement
* activation of muscles
what does the diencephelon exist out of?
*thalamus
*hypothalamus
*optic chiasm
* optic nerve
* optic tract
* mamilary body
What does the hind brain exist of?
meyelensephalon, metencephalon
what does the midbrain exist of?
mesencephalon
what does the forebrain exist of?
diencephalon, telencephalon
what is the central NS?
brain and spinal cord
what is the peripher NS?
cranial nerves, spinal nerves, spinal ganglia, (para-) sympathetid nerves.
ignore
ignore
What is general staining
can be applied to al tissue. it stained nuclei and cytoplasm in different color.
What is histochemical staining
are based on the interaction of substance present in tissue with specific stains. these techniques are based on physicochemical properties of these substances
What is enzymechnical staining?
are based on the development of colored product by the activity of an enzyme that is present in the cells.
what are immunocytichemical staining?
make us of antibodies that are raised against antigens present in the tissue. By using so called secondary, and/or tertairy antibodies to which reporters molecule/enzyme are attached, the localzation of the respective antigen can be visualized.
what do astrocytes do?
13- Mechanical (stabilization) and metabolic support (regulation of the micro mileu), form the brain-blood barrier, because they fill in all gaps are named the connective tissue of the brain. While neurons degenerate at high proliferative astrocytes fill the space and form scar tissue
What are microglia ?
Monocytes/macrophages. Microglia is related to several diseases.
What do oligodendrocytes do?
Form the myelin sheath. They are found especially in tracts.
What are Ependym cells?
Specialized epithelium cells along cavities, covering the ventricular wall. those cells form the CSF-brain barrier.
What is the neuropil?
The complex tissue surrounding neurons and glia, mainly consisting of neural and glial extensions
What are never fibers?
In the peripheral nervous system, axons and dendrites are called nerve fibers.
Where are motor neurons located ?
In the anterior horn of the spinal cord of the brain stem
Where are sensory neurons located?
In the dorsal root ganglia (posterior side of spinal cord)
Tell the difference of what white matter and gray matter consist.
White matter is composed of myelinated axons and glia cells. Gray matter also contains perikarya (the cell body of a neuron).
Explain a bit about the dorsal horn.
A part of the grey matter where the sensory information of afferent neurons of the dorsal root ganglion enter through the dorsal root.
Explain a bit about the lateral horn.
A part of the grey matter with visceromotor neurons. (for sweat, blood, vessel, organs.)
Explain a bit about the ventral horn.
A part of the grey matter with somatomotor neurons (for skeletal muscle) whose axons exit through the vessels, organs.
Give some information about non-myelinated and myelinated nerve
Non-myelinated nerve fibers course from and to organs and are part of the autonomic nervous system. These fibers also conduct all afferent (dendrite information).
myelinated fibers are mosly efferent(axons), and course to muscle and gland. Most nerves are mixed with both afferent and efferent fibers.
One responsibility of the spinal cord is the transmission of unconscious signals, based on information surrounding tissue. Explain how the signals will go.
One responsibility of the spinal cord is the transmission of unconscious signals, based on information out of the surrounding tissue.
Sensoric neurons, showing their paricaria in the spinal cord, send a signal via the dorsal horn towards the grey matter of the spinal cord. The signal gets transmitted either directly (monosynaptic i.e. from a muscle back to the same muscle) or via an interneuron (polysynaptic, i.e. from the skin towards a muscle.) concerning a polysynaptic reflex. The interneuron transmits either to an** ipsilateral motorneuron** (same side) or a** contralateral motorneuron**. (different side).
What is the general function of the cranial part of the reticular formation
The cranial part interacts predominantly with higher centers of the brian regulating arousal and forebrain activity
What is the general function of the caudal part of the reticular formation?
The caudal parts from the interface between diencephalon and the muscles of autonomous functions. In addition this part is involved in extrapyramidal.
What does the raphe nuclei do?
The raphe nuclei are part of the descending pain-control system and have been proposed to regulate level of arousal, to be important for phasic changes in the level of attention.
What does the ventral tegmental are (VTA) do?
The ventral tegmental are (VTA) is involved in the initiation of movement with its projection to the striatum and the motor cortex. Extensive dopaminergic projections to pre-frontal areas and limbic structures suggest that this system is also involved in motivation, reward system and cognition.
What does the Locus ceruleus do (Latin for bleu spot) do?
The locus ceruleus (latin for blue spot) a collection of pigment cells located near the floor of the fourth ventricle is thought to be involved in physiological responses to stress and panic as part of the reticular activating system it may play a role in maintaining attention and vigilance.
Explain a bit about the median part .
The median part comprising raphe nuclei which act as pain modulator both ascending and descending.
Explain a bit about the medial part.
The medial part is integrated into both sensory and motor pathways interaction. It gets afferences e.g. from the cranial nerve nuclei and the spinal cord, efference reach the diencephalon, stratium and neocortex . this part modulates spinal cord function and segmental nociceptive input.
Explain a bit about the lateral part.
The lateral part interacts. E.g. with parasympathetic cranial nerves and the hypothalamus. It is involved with cardiovascular, respiratory, vasoreceptor and chemoreceptor reflexes and regulates respiratory, cardiovascular and gastrointestinal activity.
Basal ganglia consist of
the corpus striatum which contains the caudate and lenticular nuclei (the putamen, globus pallidus externus, and internus), the subthalamic nucleus (STN), and the substantia nigra (SN)
