Lecture 1 Flashcards
biology
scientific study if living things, alive and dead
goal of bio
discover and understand unity and diversity of complex process that makes up life.
compare contrast what is common vs diff
what distinguishes living from non living
list as many
cellular structure + fn
growth
development
metabolism
homeostasis
response to stim
reproduction
adaptation
evolution
limited lifespan
cellular structure
all living things are made of cells
w similar cellular structure + similar chemical comp.
ex. same lipid containing mb, organelles
same cmpds (carbs, fatty acids, nucleic acids, aa)
same aa, sugars, lipids
6 elements, CHONOPS
chem grps, OH, SH, etc.
genetic structures
genetic info stores in DNA
made from nucleotides
all dna in a cell = genome
segment/instruction for protein synth = gene
DNA =>RNA (transcription)
RNA=>protein (translation)
universal code
growth
inc in mass and see of a body/organs
inc in cell #/inc in cell size
development
all develop from a single cell
during development, specialized appear from non specialized.
ie. non => specialized.
process = cell differentiation
= change in gene expression
metabolism
living orgs obtain nutrients from env
biochem rxns break down nutrient molecules
= produce building blocks for structures and E for cell works.
why need E?
growth, movement, reproduction, all things that make it alive
homeostasis
regulating/maintaing constant internal env
keep conditions w/n a safe range
receptors, effectors and command centre
respond to stim
reflexes. pull arm away from fire
flower moves towards light
mutation
genetic info changes overtime
most are harmful = cancer, disorders, deformities,
some beneficial = polyploidy (extra set of chromosomes), resistance to diseases**), evolution
*** sickle cell anemia
evolution
mutations lead to differences in indv in a a pop
diff = affect change of survival and reproduction
most adapted = survive = nat selection
phylogenetic trees
demonstrate evolutionary relationships of organisms
identify, analyze and quantify similarities and diffs bn species.
evolution of life was due to
appearance of nucleic acids
RNA can reproduce themselves and serve as templates for protein synth
photosynthetic orgs
capture E from the sun
inc conc of O2 in atmo
good bc
- ozone created, protected from sun
- made aerobic repsiration possible, more efficient.
nuclear mb and ER evolved by….
invagination of plasma mb
mitochondria by____
ancient aerobic prokaryotes, engulfed by pre eukaryotic cell
thrfr. endosymbiosis
chloroplast…..
when a euk cell w a mitochondria engulfed a photosynthetic prokaryotes
thrfr. endosymbiosis
aggregation
single cell orgs from colonies, (cells divide but stay stuck together instead of separating). cells work together, share resources
specialization
w/n colonies, cells start to specialize in diff fns
scientific method/testing hypothesis
- make observaitons
- ask a question
- form a hypotheis
- make a prediction
- design and conduct experiments that test predictions
- use statistical tests to evaluate significant of results
a. results support hypo = ask new questions
b. don’t support hypo = reexamine exp for uncontrolled variables + revise hypo
statistical hypo
introduce a null hypothesis
is saying “this result is random”
if p value is less than 5, means prob of new hypo is true is very improbable so OG hypo is valid, results aren’t due to chance.
p value more than 5 = new hypo is prob true, so results are random, OG hypo isn’t valid
to reject null hypo = keep OG hypo
comparative experiment
collecting and comparing data from 2+ gaps
grps differ in multiple unknown ways
can’t control all variables+ difficult to isolate variable that is causing change.
confounding variables ca influence results
controlled exp
are variables held constant except one
sep into 2 groups, control vs experimental gaps
only factor of interest is manipulated
+ effect of manipulation is investigated
more confident in results bc has control over confounding variables,
results are more easily attached to one factor
