Lecture 1 Flashcards by Chirsten Mendiola

What is violence?

actual, attempted, or threatened infliction of bodily harm of another person that is deliberate and nonconsenting”

must affect someone other than the perpetrator of violence

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Does self-harm count as violence?

yes, if it also causes harm to another

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Physical Harm

what most of us think of as violence

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Assault

ex. assault - use of deadly force (serious physical harm, assault with a weapon, sexual)

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Psychological Harm

fear of physical injury, or psychological consequences that substantially interfere with a person’s health or well-being

Threats, intimidation, forced confinement

Can happen without physical harm

Would to include mild ones - feelings of frustration or distress - this would result from insults

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Reasonable person test

“if you were in that position, would you be fearful?”

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Diversity of violence

A potential victim finding plans written by the perpetrator about how they intend to carry out violence against them

A health care professional denying medical care to a patient they dislike.

A group of individuals conspiring to commit violence (e.g., group or gang violence).

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Violence must be ____ rather than purely accidental

intentionally committed

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Why does true accidents don’t count as violence?

The perpetrator has chosen to engage in a behaviour that they know (or should know) is likely to cause physical harm or
serious psychological harm. For our purposes, true accidents do not count for our definition of violence.

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Violence can be…

intentional or reckless/negligent

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Violence must be non-consensual and illegal

here are many instances in society where behaviours that would otherwise
count as violence are socially acceptable

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Sometimes societal values can condone violence in ways that would be considered unacceptable for our
purposes.

we must be ready to use our own discretion in these cases

there was time when it was completely legal for a husband to assault his wife

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Impact of violence

Physical Harm
Psychological Harm

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Physical Harm of Violence

Physical Injuries
1. Acute
2. Chronic

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Acute (physical harm)

an injury that occurs suddenly

can range from minor (small cuts and bruises) to severe (internal bleeding)

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Chronic (physical harm)

longer term injuries that develop over time

can also range from minor (headaches) to severe (major chronic pain, loss of function)

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Psychological Harm of Violence

Trauma
1. Acute
2. Chronic

Impact to daily life

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Acute (psychological harm)

nervousness, hypervigilance, nightmares

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Chronic (psychological harm)

MDD, PTSD, phobias

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Impact to daily life (psychological harm)

Impacts the victim’s relationships with the perpetrator
and any other involved parties.
Future partners.
* Feelings of shame, anger, blame.

Productivity – Hard to focus on work or hobbies when
dealing with violence.
* Might make it difficult to focus on anything enjoyable

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Categories of Violence

Self-Directed Violence
Collective Violence
Interpersonal Violence

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Self-directed violence

suicidal behaviour (thoughts, attempts)
self-abuse (self-harm, self-mutilation)

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Collective Violence

social violence - terrorist acts, organized hate crimes

political violence - war and related conflicts

economic violence - denying people access to essential services, attacks disputing economies

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Interpersonal Violence

community violence - random acts, stranger assaults, intentional violence (workplace, school, prison)

family violence - child abuse, elder abuse, intimate partner violence

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TorF: Violence is a decision

True

when a person commits violence, even negligently or recklessly rather than intentionally, it is the result of an intention, choice, or decision

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TorF: Most people choose not to commit violence

True

It is a last resort or an unpleasant/frightening option

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When we make a choice it is affected by:

whether we see it as an option that will work/solve the problem/get us what we want
weighing the benefits of the choice against the risks. if the benefits outweigh the perceive cost, we act
whether we see ourselves capable of doing it

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What is intimate partner violence (IPV)?

violence perpetrated against a victim by a current or former intimate parter

physical violence, sexual violence, stalking (criminal harassment), psychological violence

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True or False: Context of the relationship does not matter.

True

IPV can occur within a marriage, dating, common-law relationship, or with an ex-partner from any pf these types

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The word “intimate” might suggest sexual intimacy

This is not required for violence to be considered IPV

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True or False: Gender and sexual orientation of the perpetrator does not factor into how we categorize IPV

True

there are different prevalence rates and considerations to consider depending on the relationship

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Can IPV take place anytime?

yes, can take place any time during the relationship, or after it has ended

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What ages can IPV occur?

can affect partners of all ages, from adolescent to elderly relationships

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Behaviours of IPV

intimidation
threats
physical harm
sexual harm

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Intimidation (IPV)

actions of statements intended to induce fear in a victim without an explicit threat

verbal abuse, threatening gestures, ominous statements, “you’ll get what you deserve”

stalking often falls under this definition, not explicitly threatening, but fear-inducing behaviour

Threats (IPV)

actions or statements that explicitly threaten physical harm

death threats, descriptions of harmful acts, brandishing a weapon, driving recklessly with the victim in the car

Physical Harm (IPV)

conduct that will or is likely to cause physical harm, can be intentional or reckless

punching/slapping/kicking, restraining the victim against their will, kidnapping, poison

Sexual Harm (IPV)

conduct that will (or is likely) to cause harm of sexual nature. can be intentional or reckless

Sexual assault, may involve drugs or alcohol to ignore consent, can involve psychological coercion (threatening to spread rumours)

Can also be sexually motivated violence, such as acting out of jealousy over real or perceived infidelity or flirtation

Can also include sexually degrading language, belittling sexual comments, and forcing someone to watch/participate in pornography.

Psychological Violence: Gaslighting

Manipulating someone by intentionally causing them to doubt their own memories, perceptions, beliefs, and ultimately their own sanity.

may include questioning and contradicting the victim’s perceptions, lying, and changing plans. It may involve minimizing the victim’s thoughts and fears, feigning confusion or frustration, or accusing the
victim of overreacting

____ of IPV survivors have been called “crazy” by their partners

80%

Why does gaslighting work in IPV?

being made to feel crazy helps an abusive partner to maintain control in the relationship

if someone can no longer trust their own reality, they may come to rely on their abuser’s reality

Insidious cases of gaslighting

can involve stealing from the victim, hiding things from them, or moving objects/furniture to make them question their perceptions and memories

How does IPV manifest

financial abuse
spiritual abuse
reproductive coercion
coercive control
technology-facilitated violence (cyber violence)

Financial Abuse

controlling finances and employment, limiting access to financial information, stealing
money, fraud, money as leverage

Spiritual Abuse

“Using a partner’s spiritual beliefs to manipulate, dominate or control them.”

Reproductive Coercion

“Controlling reproductive choices, pregnancy outcomes, and/or access to health
services.”

Coercive Control

“Patterns of control and abuse that cause fear or terror”

used specifically to control a victim’s behaviour and choices

Can involve controlling when they can go out and where they can go, what they can wear, who they can talk to, whether they can be employed or in education, whether they can go to the doctor.

Technology-facilitated violence (cyber violence)

Using technologies to cause harm. Tracking, monitoring,
surveillance. Typically for control, intimidation, and humiliation.

Digital IPV

Often manifests in criminal harassment or stalking behaviours, e.g. sending abusive messages.
Tracking someone’s location using digital services.
Remotely accessing webcams or other devices.
Monitoring communications such as emails, social media, texts, phone calls. Monitoring help-seeking.
Installing spyware on victim’s devices.
GPS tracking devices. Hidden cameras.
Intimate partners have an easier time gaining access to victim’s accounts, devices, passwords, etc.

Image-Based Sexual Abuse (IBSA)

revenge porn
dick pics

Doxing

releasing private information

Categories of IPV

severe
chronic

Severe IPV

conduct that will (or is likely to) cause grievous or life-threatening injury

can be intentional or reckless/negligent

using a weapon

when perpetrated against a vulnerable victim

strangling, etc

results in injuries needing medical attention

dangerous and severe harmful acts

Chronic IPV

violence that happens a lot and or over a long period of time

True or False: IPV may occur across some or all of the perpetrator’s intimate relationships

True

“cycle of violence”

chronic IPV can be thought of as this because where violence occurring over a long period of time goes through phases that become a “normal” part of the relationship. Tension building leads to violence leads to the “honeymoon stage”, which then repeats.

Impacts of IPV

reproductive and sexual health
physical harm
psychological harm
children

Reproductive and sexual health (impact of IPV)

Unintended pregnancy.
Sexually transmitted infections.
Preterm births.
Low birth weight.
Peripartum depression (during or up to 4 weeks
after giving birth).
Substance use

Pregnancy-associated death

“a maternal death that is attributable to a condition that is unaffected by the pregnancy and occurs within 1 year of the
pregnancy.”

In other words, IPV heightens the risk of women being
killed during or soon after pregnancy.

Physical Harm (impact of IPV)

Contusions, lacerations, and fractures are common,
especially in the head, neck, and face.
Chronic pain, gastrointestinal problems, brain injuries,
cardiovascular diseases.

Psychological Harm (IPV)

Depression, anxiety, PTSD, suicidal behaviour.
Eating disorders.
Alcohol or drug abuse.
Problems with concentration, social, education, and
occupational difficulties. Somatization (psychological
distress manifesting as physical symptoms).
Feelings of blame and guilt

Impact on Children (IPV)

IPV affects child’s attachment to primary caregivers. Impacts social, emotional, and psychological
development.
Disruption of critical development periods. Can cause problems with perceptual and cognitive functioning,
academic success, and interpersonal difficulties.
Children are often aware of and affected by IPV even if they never directly witness it.
Even if they are not the target of violence, children feel directly threatened by the behaviours.
Heightens risk of physical and mental health disorders.
Increases risk of becoming a victim or perpetrator of IPV. Negative experiences, like exposure to IPV, during adolescence predicts IPV perpetration of violence 15 years later

Prevalence of IPV - Global

Globally, around 30% of women have been a victim of IPV

Around 38% of murdered women are killed by their intimate partners

Higher risk of IPV for women aged 18-24, for ethnic minority groups, people with mental or physical disabilities, and low SES (all can make somebody more vulnerable)

True or False: IPV is typically viewed as a highly gendered crime, with most victims being women and most perpetrators being men

True

this is not to say that men are never victimized by IPV, nor that men are always the perpetrators in these cases

True or False: The prevalence rates of male and female IPV victimization are different when reported accurately, with others varying significantly in their estimates

False

They are quite similar

Trends in police-reported IPV in Canada, 2022

Of the ~117,000 victims of IPV, 78% were women and
girls. Those aged 12-24 years were almost seven times
more likely to experience IPV compared to male
counterparts.
Women aged 25-64 were three times more likely to
experience IPV than their male counterparts.

True or False: Women more commonly experience more severe forms of IPV

It seems that the rates of victimization are similar, while
men report less impact from the behaviours (~26% of men consider themselves impacted compared to ~41% of women).
Impact = being fearful, PTSD symptoms, injury, need for medical care/police, daily life disruption, etc.

Compared to 2014

Adult IPV increased by 32%.

IPV against seniors increased by 42%.

Intimate partner sexual assault increased by 163%.

Physical assault (+14%), harassment (+38%).

Physical assault was the most common form of IPV.
Followed by:
* Sexual assault.
* Uttering threats.
* Criminal harassment.

1% of IPV incidents involved a firearm.
* ~25% of IPV homicides involve a firearm.
* ~50% in the USA.
* 46% of female homicide victims were killed by an
intimate partner compared to 6% of males

Of the 1,223 victims of intimate partner homicide, 79%
were women and girls.

Why are rates of IPV increasing?

Likely that over time, people have simply become more cruel and more violent towards their intimate partners?

education of the public and law enforcement has played a role

What happens if education of the public and law enforcement has played a role towards IPV?

If victims are more educated about the dangers of IPV, they are more likely to want to report it

If law enforcement are better more educated about how to spot signs of IPV and to take it seriously when it is reported, they are more likely to act

If triers of fact are more educated, they are more likely to give justice to victims, which encourages them to come forward

If law-makers are better educated, appropriate legal measures can empower victims

Why would rates of IPV be increasing?

Because, in part, people are more aware of it

What stops victims from reporting IPV?

May seek informal help instead, such as talking to friends and family.
May believe they can end the violence by changing their own behaviour, that the abuse will someday end.
Perpetrators sometimes appear caring between instances of violence, a “make-up period”.
May depend on their partner financially, for care-giving, for immigration status, or otherwise rely on them.
Fear – Of violence increasing if they report or leave, for the safety of others (e.g., children), losing their children to
government care, losing their home, not being believed, being treated poorly by the justice system.
Abuse can isolate victims from anyone who could help, sometimes intentionally. May be geographically isolated.
Lack of knowledge about IPV or how to get help.
Those who should be able to provide them help either ignore it or encourage them to stay in the abusive relationship.

What is the estimate that IPV is never reported to the police?

70%

What are some risk factors in what stops victims from reporting IPV?

Lower education background and poorer socioeconomic status. Linked to difficulty of access to resources
and greater acceptance of violent attitudes.
History of or current substance abuse.
Prior exposure to abuse or violence. This can normalize violence and make the victim more likely to condone
it.
Partner dependence. Financial problems. Lack of social support. Uncertain legal status.
Mental illness. More likely to become a victim of IPV, and less likely to disclose abuse. IPV can also cause mental health issues, which further increases risk of future violence.

History and what stops victims from reporting IPV

important to consider the legal history of IPV in Canada

True or False: IPV was criminalized in 1986, police became obligated to lay criminal charges against the “primary aggressor”. This was a
positive step in many ways, but sometimes led to victims being charged for defending themselves

True

4 criteria used to determine whether an act constituted rape

Must involve sexual intercourse, defined as penetration
Must be committed by a man against a woman
Must happen without consents or with consent via threats/fear, impersonating the woman’s husband, or otherwise lying to get consent
Must occur “outside the bonds of marriage.” This granted men absolute sexual access to their wives

When was this law about whether an act constituted as rape reformed?

This law was reformed in 1983

Prevalence of IPV - Canada by province

Look at notes

Rate of IPV Global - Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic

Look at notes

What is the “myth of false of allegations”

There can be an unfortunate tendency of some people to believe the victim is exaggerating or fabricating details

Typically these people believe the victim wants to punish their partner or use the accusation as leverage in some sort of legal capacity (family court, money, custody battles, etc)

The stereotype of women as being vengeful and dishonest

Hinders victims’ confidence in coming forward

Accusing women of lying has become a “number one playbook response” in court when women come forward

What is the truth about victims coming in about IPV

Very few victims come forward (about 20%)

True or False: women are counselled to bring up IPV allegations

False

They are counselled to not bring up IPV allegations because of the difficulties (legal and otherwise) it can bring

False allegations are very rare

UK - report finding 0.01% of domestic abuse complaints to be false between 2018 and 2021 -

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Lecture 1 Flashcards

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