Lecture 1

Question 0

host

Answer 0

organism being lived off of; drawing nutrients from and developing in

Question 1

parasite

Answer 1

organism living off another organism. usually benefit for parasite, not host

Question 2

definitive host

Answer 2

the end host; the host where any type of sexual repro is occurring

Question 3

intermediate host

Answer 3

a host in betwen. will have no sexual repro in that intermediate host, maybe asexual repro or migration, but key is no sexual repro

Question 4

paratenic (transport host)

Answer 4

parasite gets in and holds onto parasite until they are eaten by definitive host. the parasite will encyst - attach themselves and wait to be eaten by the definitive host

Question 5

mechanical vector

Answer 5

no encystment, no migration, no asexual or sexual repro. its basically carried from one host to the next.
an ex: a fly that is feeding on blood. the blood gets all over its mouthparts which could contain a parasite. then when fly takes next bloodmeal it can transmit the parasite to the next host.

Question 6

prepatent period

Answer 6

when your host ingests an infected stage and the parasite will develop in that host, once its developed you will see diagnostic stages recovered in feces.
–> time from infection of a parasite until diagnostic stages can be recovered from host.

Question 7

patent period

Answer 7

period of time parasite can be detected through various diagnostic techniques.

Question 8

the big 3 groups of parasites

Answer 8

protozoans (microscopic)
helminths - worms
arthropods - insects & arachnids

Question 9

what do protozoans consist of?

Answer 9

amoebas, ciliates, flagellates, apicomplexans

Question 10

what are the phylums of helminths?

Answer 10

platyhelminths = flatworms
nematodes = traditional worms like roundworms
acanthocephalans = thorny head worms

Question 11

what are the classes of platyhelminthes?

Answer 11

trematdoes = flukes
cestodes = tapeworms

Question 12

symbiosis

Answer 12

living together

Question 13

phoresis

Answer 13

traveling together

Question 14

commensalism

Answer 14

one benefits and the other is neither helped nor harmed

ex: birds around cattle

Question 15

mutualism

Answer 15

all members benefit

ex: bacteria in cattle

Question 16

parasitism

Answer 16

the parasite benefits at the expense of the host

Question 17

endoparasite

Answer 17

parasite on the inside of the body. when this happens you are said to be “infected”

Question 18

ectoparasite

Answer 18

parasite on the outside of the body. when this occurs it is said to be an infestation

Question 19

obligate

Answer 19

a parasite that has to live in host in order to complete their life cycle and survive.
ex: ticks

Question 20

facultative parasite

Answer 20

can complete their lifecycle somewhere else; they don’t need a host.
ex: blowflies - they can lay their eggs pretty much anywhere

Question 21

temporary

Answer 21

can only come to host when they need something specific (like a mosquito)

Question 22

continuous parasite

Answer 22

a parasite that has to be on or in a host at all times in order to survive.
ex: lice

Question 23

parasitIASIS

Answer 23

when an animal is infected with a parasite but looks great

Question 24

parasitOSIS

Answer 24

an animal infected with a parasite that IS showing outward signs of disease

Question 25

sylvatic cycles

Answer 25

involve parasites of wild animals infecting humans

Question 26

urban or domestic cycles

Answer 26

involve parasites of companion or food animals or of domestic pests (like rats or mice) infecting humans

Question 27

2 methods of evolution of parasitism

Answer 27

1. parasite co-evolved with host (less pathogenic)
2. parasite more recently colonized host (more pathogenic; a result of keeping animal in environment for which they are not adapted like alpacas in FL)

Question 28

how parasites escape immunity

Answer 28

1. molecular mimicry
2. antigenic variation
3. secretion of substances that disable the immune system

Question 29

molecular mimicry

Answer 29

mimicking linear amino acid epitopes of vertebrate hosts

Question 30

antigenic variation

Answer 30

continuing evolving things like new surface glycoproteins eluding destruction by host

Question 31

mechanisms to increase fecundity

Answer 31

1. produce large numbers of eggs or cysts
2. hermaphroditism
3. asexual reproduction

Question 32

provosis

Answer 32

covered in spines

Question 33

euryxenous

Answer 33

infect a wide variety of hosts

Question 34

stenoxenous

Answer 34

extremely host specific