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Parasitology > Arthropods > Flashcards

Arthropods Flashcards

1
Q

Arthropod Review: veterinary importance

A
  • they are disease agents
  • venom or toxic substances
  • IH for protozoans or helminths
  • vectors for bacteria, rickettsia, viruses
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2
Q

description of class insecta from phylum arthropoda

A

segmented body

  • head: used for chewing, piercing, lapping, siphoning, sponging
  • thorax
  • abdomen
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3
Q

arthropod lifecycle

A

simple (incomplete) metamorphosis

- eggs, larva, pupa, adult

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4
Q

description of Order Acarina, class arachnida, phylum arthropoda

A
  • 2 body regions: head and body
    head = gnathosoma/capitulum
    body = idiosoma
    simple metamorphosis
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5
Q 
Order Diptera: true flies
(class insecta, phlyum arthropoda)
A
  • 1 pair of wings (second pair vestigial halteres)
  • ectoparasites - both permanent and temporary
  • disease vectors (viruses, bacteria, rickettsiae)
  • IH for protozoans and filarial parasites
  • undergo myiasis
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6
Q

facultative myiasis

A
  • normally eggs are deposited in: garbage, feces, rotten carrion
  • occasionally eggs are deposited in: contaminated wounds
  • larval ID: spiarcular plates “fingerprints” unique to each genus
  • early lesions: dermatitis, numerous maggots, pungent odor, inflammation
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7
Q

some diptera (true flies) that undergo facultative myiasis

A
  • blow flies/botle flies: calliphora, phormia, lucilia
  • flesh flies: sarcophaga
  • house flies, face flies: musca domestica, musca autumnalis
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8
Q

obligatory myiasis

A
  • larvae MUST use animal host to complete life cycle through living tissue, organs, uncontaminated wounds, soft tissue
  • larval ID: spiracular plates “fingerprints” unique to each genus
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9
Q

some diptera (true flies) that undergo obligatory myiasis

A
  • cochliomyia hominivorax
  • hypoderma spp.
  • dermatobia hominis
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10
Q

family culicidae: mosquito

physical description

A
  • most prominent blood sucking dipteran
  • larvae (always aquatic, spiracles)
  • adults (scales along wing veins & margins, thorax, abdomen)
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11
Q

family culicidae (mosquitoes) have antennae that vary depending on sex:

A 
female = pilose
male = plumose
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12
Q

family culicidae (mosquito) lifecycle

A 
eggs = aquatic, semi-aquatic
larvae = 1st molt in 5-6 days (3x total), filter feeders
pupae = stage lasts 2-3 days, non-feeding
adults = lifespan 6-7 days, mate once, females voracious blood feeders
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13
Q

subfamilies of culicidae (mosquitos)

A
  • anopheles sp. (anopheline)
  • culicine (aedes sp.)
  • culicine (culex sp.)
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14
Q

anophelines (subfamily of culicidae) are different than aedes and culex subfamilies in what ways?

A
  • anopheles lay eggs in singles that float in water while aedes is single on dry surface and culex are on rafts parallel to water surface
  • anopheles larva have no air tube and are parallel to water surface while aedes and culex have a short air tube and are angled to water surface
  • anopheles pupa have a short air tube, while aedes have have a variable air tube and culex have a long, slender air tube
  • anopheles adults have an angled resting position on host while aedes/culex have a parallel resting position on host
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15
Q

palps on anopheline vs. culicine

A

anopheline:
male palp = length of proboscis, clubbed
female palp = length of proboscis

culcine:
male palp = longer than proposcis, not clubbed
female palp = < 1/2 length of proposcis

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16
Q

anophelines and culicines are v- ectors for what diseases/bacteria?

A
  • anophelines are IH/vector for plasmodium spp.

- culicines are a vector for yellow fever, dengue fever and west nile encephalitis

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17
Q

control for family culicidae

A
  • larvivorous fish (guppies, mosquito fish)
  • ‘beneficial’ mosquito larvae
  • sticky mustard seeds (stick to larvae when try to eat)
  • draining breeding sites
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18
Q 
family tabanidae: distribution, annoyance to whom, what it feeds on
(order diptera, class insecta)
A

horse and deer flies

  • found where water abundant (most larval aquatic)
  • annoyance to livestock
  • females are blood feeders (bites numerous times in numerous places)
  • males feed on honeydew or nectar
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19
Q

family tabanidae: horse and deer fly differences

A
  • horse fly = tabanus spp.
    large sized, gray or black in color, no bands or spots on wings
  • deer fly = chrysops spp.
    medium sized, yellow-brown, black in color, does have bands or spots on wings
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20
Q

family tabanidae: lifecycle

A
  1. eggs deposited on vegetation at water edge
  2. larvae hatch, enter water, sink to mud below
  3. tabanus larvae: voracious predators feed on frogs, annelids. chrysops larvae: vegetarians.
  4. both larvae pupate on dry ground along water edge
  5. adults emerge, mate, feed
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21
Q

family Tabanidae: horse and deer flies control

A
  • difficult
  • drain breeding sites
  • keep animals away from breeding sites during hottest part of day
  • insecticides not extremely useful
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22
Q

Family muscidae: stomoxys calcitrans

taxonomy, distribution, hosts, feeding

A
  • taxonomy: stomoxys calcitrans, family muscidae, order diptera, class insecta, phylum arthropods
  • aka “stable fly”
  • widely distributed throughout N. America
  • hosts: domestic animals & humans - large, dogs, and humans
  • males AND females blood feeders, during the day, looks similar to housefly
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23
Q

stomoxys calcitrans: type of vector

A
  • mechanical vector for bacteria, equine infectious anemia, habronema muscae (spirurid nematode of horses), trypanosoma evansi (protozoan of horses)
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24
Q

lifecycle of stomoxys calcitrans, family muscidae

A
  1. eggs deposited in organic matter - decaying plant material
  2. larvae hatch, bury in decaying plant material for 11-30 days
  3. larvae crawl to dry area, pupate 6-20 days
  4. adults emerge, ready to fly < 1 hr
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25
Q

family muscidae: stomoxys calcitrans

Control

A
  • residual insecticides (resting places of adults between feedings like walls, fences, etc.)
  • remove rotting straw/plant material - removal of breeding sites
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26
Q

Order Anoplura & Mallophaga: lice
term for lice infestation
reasons of veterinary importance

A 
term for lice infestation = pediculosis
importance:
- irritation to host
- severe infestation can cause anemia
- social stigma (humans)
- disease vectors
27
Q

description of anoplura and mallophaga

describe host preference and life cycle

A
  • small, wingless
  • dorsoventrally flattened
  • claw/crablike legs
  • permanent ectoparasite
  • stenoxenous = very host specific
  • simple metamorphosis
28
Q

lifecycle of lice anoplura and mallophaga

A
  1. females produce 1 egg (nit) at a time - cemented to hair shaft or feather. 1 female lays 50 - 100 eggs
  2. egg (nit) hatches in 1 - 3 weeks - 3 nymphal stages
  3. adults within 4.5 weeks
29
Q

host preferences for Order Mallophaga, type of feeding

A

birds or mammals

- feeding type: chewing/biting lice

30
Q

host preferences and feeding style for Order Anoplura

A

mammals only

- feeding type = sucking lice

31
Q

Order Siphonaptera: fleas!

physical description, name of comb, type of lifestyle

A
  • laterally compressed
  • wingless
  • ctenidia (combs) = pronotal comb on back, genal comb on mouth
  • complex metamorphosis
  • irritation, restlessness, anemia, flea allergy dermatitis
32
Q

is the majority of stages on or off the host?

A

OFF the host!

33
Q

flea eggs: description

A
  • laid on host, quickly fall off
  • hatch in 2 - 16 days
  • > 500 eggs
34
Q

flea larvae: description

A
  • larval stage lasts 7 - 10 days
  • 2 molts; 3 instars
  • covered in setae
  • found in crevices, rugs
  • feed on “frass” aka flea dirt
  • susceptible to heat and desiccation
35
Q

flea pupae: description

A
  • pupal stage completed in 4 days
  • adults can emerge in 5 days
  • emergence can be prolonged up to 174 days
  • adult flea fully developed in 10 - 17 days
  • larvae become coated in particles from environment
36
Q

flea adults - how many times they mate

A

mate only once!
females store sperm in spermatheca
- begin feeding < 1 hour after colonizing host

37
Q

different types of fleas: which one is common? which one is rare? which one was responsible for bubonic plague?

A

common = Ctenocephalides felis
rare = Ctenocephalides canis
bubonic plague = xenopsylla cheopis

38
Q

order siphonaptera (fleas): diagnosis

A

look for signs of flea infestation and flea allergy.

look for “frass” aka flea dirt

39
Q

flea allergy dermatitis

A

occurs when salivary proteins are introduced by flea

40
Q

order siphonaptera: flea control

define: integrated flea control
- host-targeted insecticides
- environmental insecticides
- mechanical methods

A

combination of chemical and mechanical means which target both the animal and its environment

  • host-targeted: kill larvae and/or adult fleas
  • enviromental insecticides: target areas visited by animals and wildlife, in areas where pet spends most of their time
  • mechanical methods: indoors - vacuum and wash bedding. outdoors: remove vegetation, litter, prevent wildlife entry in crawl spaces, etc.
41
Q

Order Acarina (ticks): general characteristics

A
  • over 800 species
  • all stages (male and female) feed on blood
  • two families: Ixodidae, Argasidae
  • simple metamorphosis - 3 different lifecycles
42
Q

Order Acarina (ticks) lifecycle

A
  1. eggs
  2. larva = seed tick, 6 legs
  3. nymph = 6 legs sexually immature
  4. adult
    - entire lifecycle 6 weeks to 3 years
    - engorged female deposits eggs on ground
43
Q

one host tick

A

goes through 2 molts on host, then drops off to lay eggs

44
Q

two host tick

A

during the first year in the spring it goes through 1 molt on first host, falls off in the fall and goes through second molt. then in the spring of the second year it goes on a second host then falls off to lay eggs.

45
Q

three host tick

A

during the spring of the first year, it’s on one host then falls off to molt. then the spring of the second year it goes onto a second host and falls off in the fall for its 2nd molt. then in the spring of the third year it goes on a third host but falls off to lay eggs.

46
Q

veterinary importance to Order Acarina = ticks

what is a severe tick infestation called?

A
  • irritation
  • dermatitis
  • exsanguination = severe infestations
  • intermediate host & vectors for protozoans & rickettsia
  • somre are reportable
  • tick paralysis
47
Q

types of transmission by Acarina (ticks)

A
  • transstadial transmission = disease/pathogen acquired during one life stage stays with the tick and can be passed in another
  • transovarial transmission = disease/pathogen passed from female to developing offspring
48
Q

tick paralysis

A
  • ascending, flaccid paralysis due to a neurotoxin in tick saliva.
  • disrupts nerve synapses in the spinal cord by blocking neuromuscular junctions
  • its reversible
49
Q

basic body division of acarina (ticks)

A
  • capitulum = head
  • mouthparts = toothed hypostome
  • basis capituli
  • idiosoma (fused cephalothorax and abdomen)

adults & nymphs have 8 legs
larvae have 6 legs

50
Q

questing

A

when ticks like the dermacentor variabilis climb to the top of grass and start waving their arms in hopes of attaching to a host

51
Q

types of hosts

A

dogs, cats, human

52
Q

difference between family argasidae and family ixodidae (ticks)

A

argasidae

  • soft tick
  • lack scutum
  • periodic parasite (feeds quickly, doesn’t engorge, leaves host)
  • mate off host
  • mouthparts NOT visible (bc on bottom)

Ixodidae

  • hard tick
  • possess scutum
  • permanent parasite (can remain on host for days)
  • females engorge
  • mouthparts visible
53
Q

Rhipicephalus sanguineus: common, name, description

family Ixodidae
Order Acarina

A 
"brown dog tick"
- three host tick, mainly dogs
- throughout US
- tick paralysis
- disease vector
- has an ornate scutum
this is the ONLY tick to infest homes!!
54
Q

Ixodes scapularis: common name, how many hosts, distribution, vector

family Ixodidae, order Acarina

A

“black legged tick”

  • three host tick (birds, small mammals, cattle, sheep, horses)
  • southeast to central US along east coast
  • disease vector for: Borrelia burgdorfi LYME DISEASE, babesia, anaplasma marginale
55
Q

ambylomma americanum: common name, how many hosts, distribution, vector
family Ixodidae, order Acarina

A
  • “lone star tick”
  • three host tick (rabbits, rodents, deer, cattle, horses, sheep)
  • tick paralysis
  • Southern US
  • disease vector for: RMSF, LYME DISEASE, tularemia
56
Q

Dermacentor variabilis: common name, how many hosts, distribution, vector

Family Ixodidae, order acarina

A

“american dog tick”, “wood tick”

  • three host tick (rodents, small mammals, dogs are preferred, cow)
  • most of US
  • tick paralysis
  • disease vector: RMSF, anaplasma marginale
57
Q

which tick is the only genera with a special anal groove that points like an arrow?

A

Ixodidae

58
Q

tick control in dogs and cats

A

manual removal and insecticides/caracides

59
Q

mites: physical description

A
  • microscopic or barely visible
  • pedicels (legs/stalks) used to ID they may have a sucker on the end
  • they can be surface dwellers or tunnel through skin
  • larva = 6 legs
  • adult = 8 legs
  • 2 body divisions: head = gnathsoma, body = idiosoma
60
Q

Otodectes cynotis: common name, host, distribution

Order Acarina

A

“ear mite”
host: dogs, cats, foxes, raccoons, ferrets
- in external ear canal (surface dwelling)
- short, nonjointed pedicels
females = suckers on some leg pairs
males = suckers on all leg pairs
- permanent parasite

61
Q

otodectes cynotis: transmission, clinical signs, diagnosis, is it zoonotic?

A

transmission = direct contact
clinical signs = thick, tarry exudate, host shakes head, scratches ears, bacterial infections
diagnosis - swab external ear canal
NOT zoonotic

62
Q

demodex canis: common name, host, physical description

order Acarina

A 
"follicle mite of dogs"
host: dogs
it burrows in hair follicles and adjacent sebaceous glands
- alligator/cigar shaped
- adults = 8 legs
- larvae = 6 legs
- permanent parasite
63
Q

demodectic acariasis: localized vs. generalized

A

localized

  • skin redness
  • partial hair loss
  • usualy no itching
  • commonly on face

Generalized

  • more severe
  • large patches of alpecia
  • secondary bacterial infections
  • pyoderma
64
Q

demodex canis: how its transmitted, diagnosis, is it zoonotic?

A

transmitted via direct contact, usually mother to offspring
- diagnosis: deep skin scraping, pustule and abscess contents
NOT zoonotic

Parasitology (6 decks)

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