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Genetics > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genetics def.

A

Genetics is the study of genes and heredity- of how certain qualities or traits are passed from parents to offspring as a result of changes DNA sequence.

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2
Q

Trait def

A

Trait is a specific characteristic ot an individual ex eye colour, height

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3
Q

Heredity def

A

Heredity is the transmission of traits from one generation to the next

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4
Q

Gene def

A

A gene is a segment of DNA that contains instructions for building one or more molecules (protein) that help the body work. These proteins control how our body grows works.

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5
Q

Albinism

A

Albinism is caused by a defect in one of the enzymes required to produce melanin. People with albinism either don’t produce melanin or produce a small amount. Albinism in humans is caused by defects in any one of several genes.

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6
Q

What were the first domesticated organisms?

A

Wheat, peas, lentils, barleys, dogs, goats, sheep

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7
Q

Pangenesis def

A

Genetic info from different parts of the body travels to the reproductive organs where it is transferred to the gametes.

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8
Q

Inheritance of acquired characteristics def

A

Traits aquired in a persons lifetime become incorporated into that persons hereditary information and are passed onto offspring. Ex musical ability

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9
Q

Performationism def

A

All traits were inherited from only one parent- father if the homunculus was in the sperm and mother if it was in the egg

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10
Q

Genetic blending def

A

Offspring are a blend, or mixture of parental traits. The genetic material itself blends and could not be separated in future generations.

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11
Q

Cell theory def

A

Proposed in 1839 by Theodore Schwann and Matthias Jacks Schleidan.
All life is composed of cells. Cells arise only from cells. The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living organisms.

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12
Q

Germ-plasm theory

A

The cells in reproductive organs carry a complete set of genetic information that is passed to the egg or sperm.

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13
Q

Darwin’s theory of evolution

A

Charles Darwin recognized that heredity was fundamental to evolution and he conducted genetic crosses with pigeons .

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14
Q

Which year did Mendels work finally get redescovered?

A
  1. Other biologists then began to conduct similar genetic studies.
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15
Q

According to Sutton’s proposition, what are the units of inheritance and where are they located?

A

Genes and located on chromosomes.

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16
Q

Who laid the foundation for population genetics in the 1930s by integrating Mendelian genetics?.

A

Ronald A. Fisher, John B. S. Haldane and Sewall Wright

17
Q

When did evidence accumulate that DNA was the repository of genetic info?

A

1940s

18
Q

Who described the three dimensional structure of DNA? And awarded a Nobel prize

A

James Watson, Francis Crick and Rosalind Franklin

19
Q

What year was the chemical structure of DNA and the system by which it determines the amino acid sequence worked out?

A

1966

20
Q

What is gene therapy and what is it used for?

A

The direct alteration of genes used to treat human genetic disease.

21
Q

Uses of modern genetic techniques

A

Identify genes that influence agriculturally important characteristics such as cattle size, domestication of chickens, speed in race horses, leaf shape in corn.

22
Q

Uses of DNA analysis

A

Identifying and convicting criminals, recognizing whether heart attacks run in the family, (several different genes contribute)
Analyses of SNPs are helping to locate genes that affect traits from eye colour to height of glaucoma and cancer

23
Q

Epigenetic change def

A

Alterations to DNA and chromosome structure that do not involve the base sequence of the DNA play an important role in gene expression. These alterations affect our appearance, behaviours, and health.

24
Q

Why is albinism shown in some hopes people?

A

They had a genetic condition known as albinism type 2 due to a defect in the OAC2 gene of chromosome 15

25
Q

Classical/Transmission genetics def

A

Addresses the relation between chromosomes and heredity, the arrangement of genes in chromosomes , and gene mapping. Focus is on the individual organism

26
Q

Molecular genetics def

A

How genetic information is encoded, replicated, and expressed. Includes cellular processes of replication. Focus is the gene, its structure, organization, and function.

27
Q

Population genetics def

A

Explores genetic composition of groups of individual members of the same species and how the composition changes geographically with time. Focus is the group of genes found in a population.

28
Q

Fruit fly name

A

Drosophila melonagaster

29
Q

E. coli

A

Escherichia coli

30
Q

Nematode worm

A

Caenorhabditis elegans

31
Q

Thale-cress plant

A

Arabidopsis Thaliana

32
Q

House mouse

A

Mus musculus

33
Q

Bakers yeast

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Genetics (12 decks)

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