Lecture 1 Flashcards by Ellie Cheney

What adjustments does our body make during elevated altitudes? (Kidney and Lungs)

Our lungs increase their ventilation and our kidneys secrete erythropoeitin to the bone marrow to increase our RBC production.

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What is disuse atrophy?

Loss of muscle due to lack of use. Can happen commonly in bedbound people or in space.

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What is the frailty syndrome?

The frailty syndrome is used to describe the general effects of age on muscle mass, strength, stamina, and general fitness.

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What is sarcopenia and how do we prevent it?

Loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength as we age. It can be greatly slowed by exercising consistently.

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When does collateral circulation occur and why?

Angiogenesis: Typically occurs in areas that are scarred from ischemia. It is used to bypass the scarred area to restore blood flow, such as with a heart.

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The Cell Differentiation

DNA expression: to determine what proteins exist in the cell (turns it into an RBC, pancreatic cell, muscle cell, etc.)

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How much of our body’s fluid is ECF (extracellular fluid)? (% and amt)

usually 1/3, and that is around 14L on average.

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What are the characteristics of ECF?

It is in constant motion
It is mainly our circulating blood
It can diffuse to tissues through capillary walls.

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How fast does all the blood in our body circulate?

Once a minute.

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Why are capillaries located extremely close to cells?

In order to maximize their rate of diffusion. They are typically less than 50 micrometers away.

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What are the walls of capillaries not very permeable to?

Plasma proteins

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What are the two stages of ECF transport?

Circulation of blood and diffusion of molecules between plasma and interstitial fluid.

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What ions are found in high concentration in the ECF?

Sodium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Oxygen/CO2
Glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids

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What ions are found in high concentration in a cell?

Potassium
Magnesium
Phosphate

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What 4 organs remove metabolic waste products from our blood?

Lungs, kidney, GI tract, and Liver

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What 4 organs/systems use the nutrients in our ECF?

Lungs, GI tract, Liver, and Musculoskeletal system.

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What is a MET?

Metabolic Equivalent (energy expended at rest per minute)

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How many METS are required for anesthesia?

4 typically

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How do we calculate a person’s METs?

MET is directly proportional to a person’s O2 consumption, so we can measure it by measuring their VO2max.

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VO2 max

Maximal oxygen consumption (max amount of oxygen can use during max exercise)

What two feedback systems does our body use and what is an example of each?

Negative: BP monitoring via baroreceptors in our carotid, which will constantly correct it.
Positive: Dilation of the cervix during labor releases oxytocin. The release of oxytocin induces more dilation of the cervix until the baby pops out.

What are the positives and drawbacks of a positive feedback system?

Positives include pregnancy and clotting, which allows for the goal to be accomplished much faster.
Drawbacks are that outside of very specific situations that have a single goal, the system will cause instability.

What are the normal ranges of Oxygen and CO2 in the blood?

35-45mm Hg for both.

What is the average blood pH?

7.4

What is the average body temperature?

37C or 98.4F

What are the 4 basic types of tissues?

Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, and Nervous

Where do I find epithelial tissue usually?

Covers surfaces, so I find it lining our GI tract, vessel walls, body cavities, and forming glands. Also secretes basement membrane.

What are the 3 types of ECM (extracellular matrix)?

Protein fibers: Collagen and Elastin Ground Substance: non-fibrous proteins such as proteoglycans. It is very slippery to joints. Fluid: blood, plasma

What are the 3 types of muscular tissue?

Cardiac, skeletal, and smooth

Which muscular tissues are striated?

Cardiac and Skeletal

What are the parts of a neuron?

Cell body, dendrites, and axons.

What are the roles of neuroglia?

To support the cells of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. Nourish, protect, and insulate.

What % of a cell is water?

70-85% (except fat cells)

What % of a cell is protein?

10-20%

What are the roles of lipids in a cell?

Phospholipids and cholesterol are insoluble in water, making them good for making cell membranes and barriers for the cell compartments. Triglycerides are 95% in fat cells and store energy.

Where do I find glycogen?

Liver and muscle cells. Liver glycogen is used mainly for adjusting blood sugar levels.

What do integral proteins do?

They act as channels, carriers, enzymes and receptors on the cell surface.

What do peripheral proteins do?

Often found on integral proteins, they are either attached to them or on a cell's surface. They function as enzymes or transport controllers.

What is the role of the agranular (smooth) ER?

Synthesis of lipids and cholesterol.

What kind of network is the ER?

Tubular

Compare and contrast lysosomes and peroxisomes.

Lysosomes are made by the Golgi apparatus and are the cell's internal digestive system. They use hydrolases. Peroxisomes are self-replicating and use oxidases. They typically deal with toxins rather than bacteria or cellular debris.

By what process do proteins enter a cell?

Pinocytosis.

When do we see endocytosis occur?

When diffusion and active transport fail. Seen in ingesting proteins, bacteria, dead cells, debris.

What causes elevated creatinine in the blood?

Muscle loss/death/disease

What happens to pyruvate if the Kreb's cycle is not possible?

Converted to lactic acid

What are the end products of glycolysis?

ATP, H2O, and NADH

What are the end products of the Kreb's cycle?

ATP, CO2, NADH, and FADH2

What are the two main cycles a triglyceride undergoes in cellular metabolism?

Kreb's cycle and Beta oxidation. The glycerol gets converted to pyruvate, while the 3 fatty acids undergo beta oxidation.

What process converts proteins to energy?

Deamination