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(D) Med Phys > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What adjustments does our body make during elevated altitudes? (Kidney and Lungs)

A

Our lungs increase their ventilation and our kidneys secrete erythropoeitin to the bone marrow to increase our RBC production.

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2
Q

What is disuse atrophy?

A

Loss of muscle due to lack of use. Can happen commonly in bedbound people or in space.

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3
Q

What is the frailty syndrome?

A

The frailty syndrome is used to describe the general effects of age on muscle mass, strength, stamina, and general fitness.

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4
Q

What is sarcopenia and how do we prevent it?

A

Loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength as we age. It can be greatly slowed by exercising consistently.

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5
Q

When does collateral circulation occur and why?

A

Angiogenesis: Typically occurs in areas that are scarred from ischemia. It is used to bypass the scarred area to restore blood flow, such as with a heart.

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6
Q

The Cell Differentiation

A

DNA expression: to determine what proteins exist in the cell (turns it into an RBC, pancreatic cell, muscle cell, etc.)

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7
Q

How much of our body’s fluid is ECF (extracellular fluid)? (% and amt)

A

usually 1/3, and that is around 14L on average.

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8
Q

What are the characteristics of ECF?

A

It is in constant motion
It is mainly our circulating blood
It can diffuse to tissues through capillary walls.

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9
Q

How fast does all the blood in our body circulate?

A

Once a minute.

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10
Q

Why are capillaries located extremely close to cells?

A

In order to maximize their rate of diffusion. They are typically less than 50 micrometers away.

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11
Q

What are the walls of capillaries not very permeable to?

A

Plasma proteins

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12
Q

What are the two stages of ECF transport?

A

Circulation of blood and diffusion of molecules between plasma and interstitial fluid.

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13
Q

What ions are found in high concentration in the ECF?

A

Sodium
Chloride
Bicarbonate
Oxygen/CO2
Glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids

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14
Q

What ions are found in high concentration in a cell?

A

Potassium
Magnesium
Phosphate

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15
Q

What 4 organs remove metabolic waste products from our blood?

A

Lungs, kidney, GI tract, and Liver

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16
Q

What 4 organs/systems use the nutrients in our ECF?

A

Lungs, GI tract, Liver, and Musculoskeletal system.

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17
Q

What is a MET?

A

Metabolic Equivalent (energy expended at rest per minute)

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18
Q

How many METS are required for anesthesia?

A

4 typically

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19
Q

How do we calculate a person’s METs?

A

MET is directly proportional to a person’s O2 consumption, so we can measure it by measuring their VO2max.

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20
Q

VO2 max

A

Maximal oxygen consumption (max amount of oxygen can use during max exercise)

21
Q

What two feedback systems does our body use and what is an example of each?

A

Negative: BP monitoring via baroreceptors in our carotid, which will constantly correct it.
Positive: Dilation of the cervix during labor releases oxytocin. The release of oxytocin induces more dilation of the cervix until the baby pops out.

22
Q

What are the positives and drawbacks of a positive feedback system?

A

Positives include pregnancy and clotting, which allows for the goal to be accomplished much faster.
Drawbacks are that outside of very specific situations that have a single goal, the system will cause instability.

23
Q

What are the normal ranges of Oxygen and CO2 in the blood?

A

35-45mm Hg for both.

24
Q

What is the average blood pH?

A

7.4

25
Q

What is the average body temperature?

A

37C or 98.4F

26
Q

What are the 4 basic types of tissues?

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscular, and Nervous

27
Q

Where do I find epithelial tissue usually?

A

Covers surfaces, so I find it lining our GI tract, vessel walls, body cavities, and forming glands.
Also secretes basement membrane.

28
Q

What are the 3 types of ECM (extracellular matrix)?

A

Protein fibers: Collagen and Elastin
Ground Substance: non-fibrous proteins such as proteoglycans. It is very slippery to joints.
Fluid: blood, plasma

29
Q

What are the 3 types of muscular tissue?

A

Cardiac, skeletal, and smooth

30
Q

Which muscular tissues are striated?

A

Cardiac and Skeletal

31
Q

What are the parts of a neuron?

A

Cell body, dendrites, and axons.

32
Q

What are the roles of neuroglia?

A

To support the cells of the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves.
Nourish, protect, and insulate.

33
Q

What % of a cell is water?

A

70-85% (except fat cells)

34
Q

What % of a cell is protein?

A

10-20%

35
Q

What are the roles of lipids in a cell?

A

Phospholipids and cholesterol are insoluble in water, making them good for making cell membranes and barriers for the cell compartments.
Triglycerides are 95% in fat cells and store energy.

36
Q

Where do I find glycogen?

A

Liver and muscle cells. Liver glycogen is used mainly for adjusting blood sugar levels.

37
Q

What do integral proteins do?

A

They act as channels, carriers, enzymes and receptors on the cell surface.

38
Q

What do peripheral proteins do?

A

Often found on integral proteins, they are either attached to them or on a cell’s surface. They function as enzymes or transport controllers.

39
Q

What is the role of the agranular (smooth) ER?

A

Synthesis of lipids and cholesterol.

40
Q

What kind of network is the ER?

A

Tubular

41
Q

Compare and contrast lysosomes and peroxisomes.

A

Lysosomes are made by the Golgi apparatus and are the cell’s internal digestive system. They use hydrolases.
Peroxisomes are self-replicating and use oxidases. They typically deal with toxins rather than bacteria or cellular debris.

42
Q

By what process do proteins enter a cell?

A

Pinocytosis.

43
Q

When do we see endocytosis occur?

A

When diffusion and active transport fail. Seen in ingesting proteins, bacteria, dead cells, debris.

44
Q

What causes elevated creatinine in the blood?

A

Muscle loss/death/disease

45
Q

What happens to pyruvate if the Kreb’s cycle is not possible?

A

Converted to lactic acid

46
Q

What are the end products of glycolysis?

A

ATP, H2O, and NADH

47
Q

What are the end products of the Kreb’s cycle?

A

ATP, CO2, NADH, and FADH2

48
Q

What are the two main cycles a triglyceride undergoes in cellular metabolism?

A

Kreb’s cycle and Beta oxidation.
The glycerol gets converted to pyruvate, while the 3 fatty acids undergo beta oxidation.

49
Q

What process converts proteins to energy?

A

Deamination

(D) Med Phys (12 decks)

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