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PSY 305 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

three things we can observe about the problem

A

ourselves, stimulus response relationships

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1
Q

What is the problem with cognitive PSY?

A

how to observe the mind
-stimuli -> ?? -> response

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2
Q

Introspection

A

gives people different stimuli and then ask them to describe it
-you have awareness of your mind you just have to convey it

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3
Q

Problems with introspection

A

its difficult to verify, relies on people to be honest and towards the end of the mental process it is hard to explain

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4
Q

Law of Effect

A

responses that produce a satisfying effect after a particular stimulus are likely to occur again and vice versa

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5
Q

Cat study w/ Throndike

A

puts cat in cage -> cat meows but then learns to escape by pulling lever to leave -> cat gets put back in cage numerous times and slowly it pulls the lever quicker
-Conclusion: cat learned that crying would work so it opened the cage

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6
Q

Skinner: Science of Behavior

A

emphasizes on observable phenomena

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7
Q

Tolmans rat experiment:

A

the rats figured out the maze over time, then is able to efficently go through it equally as fast even in water (Cog Maps)

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8
Q

Cognitive Maps

A

a mental representation of where you are and the surroundings around you

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9
Q

Behaviorism

A

focuses on the idea that all behaviors are learned through interaction with the environment

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10
Q

Problems with behaviorism

A

-Cant account for diversity in human behavior
-limitation to observable behavior isnt necesarily science

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11
Q

Cognitive Approach

A

can’t directly observe mental processes and must guess on whats going on
-uses experimental research methods to study internal mental processes
-stimulus -> ?? -> response

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12
Q

Cognitive Psychology

A

study of mental processes
-Ex:perception, attention, memory, decision making

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13
Q

Assumptions about cognitive psychology

A
  • intelligent behavior is decomposable into parts → each part will be easier to understand the whole → eventually understanding the parts and how they fit together will complete our understanding
  • Trying to reverse engineer the mind.
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14
Q

mental chronometry

A

the scientific study of cognitive processing speed

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15
Q

Info Processing stages

A

stimulus-> processing -» more processing -> response

-each of these stages recieve info from prior stages, transforms info and sends it to the next stage

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16
Q

Stages of memory

A

encoding (building memory) -> storage (gets retrieved when needed) -> retrieval (memory resurfaces when needed)

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17
Q

Donders reaction time test

A

three seperate tasks: you hit the button as fast as you can depending on the time, and you try to differenciate color and shape

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18
Q

simple reaction time (donders)

A

2 stages: stimulus → s1: detection → s2: response → simple reaction time

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19
Q

Go/No Go reaction test: (donders)

A

3 stages: stimulus → s1: detection → discrimination → response → go/no-go reaction time

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20
Q

Choice Key (Donders)

A

4 stages: stimulus → s1: detection → s2: Discrimination (color) → s3: selection (hands) → s4: response - Choice reaction time

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21
Q

Subtraction method:

A
  • s → detection → discrimination → response → 340 ms
  • s → detection → response - 220 ms
  • discrimination takes 120 seconds → 340-220=120
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22
Q

Hicks Law:

A

reaction time increases as the number of choices decreases → less stages if there are less choices

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23
Q

Contribution on Cognitivism:

A
  • the idea that you can measure mental processes
  • similer assumptions in modern research
  • nueroimaging methods frequently use subtraction method.
24
Q

Underlying Assumptions of cognitivism

A

-cognition is like a computer program

-analysis: intelligent behavior is decomposable into parts
-once we understand the parts it will complete our understanding

25
Q

Information Processing Stages

A

Each stage receives info from previous stage transforms info and sends info to the next stage

26
Q

Hicks Law

A

Reaction time increases as the number of choices increases as well

27
Q

Sensation

A

stimulation of sense organs

28
Q

Perception

A

selection, organization and interpretation of sensory input

29
Q

Top-down Processes

A

perceiving things based on your prior experiences and knowledge
-cognitive processes -> perception -> sensation

30
Q

Distal stimulus

A

whats actually out there

31
Q

Proximal Stimulus

A

sensory info impinging on sensory receptors that elicit a response

-have info about the proximal stimulus but not the distal stimulus

32
Q

Bottom-up processes

A

the sensory perception of the outside stimuli, the stimuli being processed in the brain, and then finding meaning from analysis based only on data

–distal stimulus -> sensation -> perception

perception changes based on what you expect to see

33
Q

Gestalt principle: closure

A

if one object is ecluding another object we see it as overlapping not missing

34
Q

Gestalt principle: pattern recognition

A

Pattern recognition translating patterns of
sensory signals into psychological
experiences of recognizable objects
* Pattern recognition matches sensory info
to representations in memory

35
Q

Feature Analytic Approach

A

Break stimuli into smaller components.
* Recognition of distinctive features
* Objects are defined by their unique set of
features
* Reduces to finite categories

36
Q

Physiological Basis for Feature
Theory

A

Microelectrode recording of axons in primary
visual cortex of animals
– Discovered feature detectors: neurons that
respond selectively to lines, edges, etc.

37
Q

Simple cells

A

receptive field responds to linear stimuli at a particular oreintation

38
Q

Complex Cells

A

receptive field responds optimally to stimuli at a particular orientation and moves in a particular direction

39
Q

Hypercomplex cells

A

receptive fields optimally responsive to movement, orientation and length

40
Q

Feature Analyses in Audition

A

Understanding of spoken language is notable
example of feature analysis in perception.
* Consonants have definable features
– Place of articulation: where the air is temporarily
stopped
– VOT: when in relation to articulation do vocal cords
begin vibrating

41
Q

dicohtic listening

A

requires the subject to repeat aloud a message presented to one ear while ignoring a message presented to the other ear

42
Q

Attention

A

the mental process of concentrating effort on an external or internal event

43
Q

Automatic processing

A

occurs without intention, not open to introspection, don’t require much attention, operates fast, and are just facilitation

44
Q

controlled processing

A

only with intention, is open to introspection, needs more attention, operates slowly, facilitation(actions to happen) and inhibition (can stop and action from happening)

45
Q

Criteria for automatic processing

A

Automatic: occurs without intention, not open to introspection, requires little attention, operates fast, and is only facilitation

46
Q

Criteria for controlled processing

A

Controlled: only with intention, open to introspection, needs attention, operates slowly, and had facilitation and inhibition

47
Q

Feature Search

A
  • pre-attentive: when you’re looking for a single feature in distractors it is faster
    • automatic, fast (pop-out search), independent number of distractors
48
Q

Conjunction search

A
  • attentive: when you increase the number of distractors people get slower
    • controlled, slow, effortful and depends on the number of distractors
49
Q

Iconic memory

A

visual system, a snapshot of the visual world that you hold onto for a short amount of time

  • we want to know how quickly info is lost, and how much info can be retained
50
Q

Echoic Memory

A

auditory system, a sound plays, goes away but will continue to play back in your head for a short amount of time.

  • relies on heavy serial recall (simple tasks)
    • series of stimuli
    • scored as correct if correct item is in correct position
51
Q

Whole vs. Partial report in Iconic memory

A
  • Whole report: tell them all the letters/recall as many as possible
  • Partial Report: tell them a row of the letters
    • you don’t know which row until the stimulus is gone
  • varies in duration between stimulus offset and cue onset
  • Whole report summary: whole report estimates the size of memory at 4.5 items, subjects reported seeing more than they could say
  • Partial report summary: superior to the whole report because it takes time to say the letters, and is a rapid decaying visual store
52
Q

Echoic memory effects

A
  • Experimental effects: modality and suffix effects
  • Serial position curve: plots performance as a function of item order
  • Primacy Effect: advantage for the first items over items in the middle
  • Recency Effect: advantage for the last items over the middle items
  • Modality effect: refers to a change in the size of the recency effect
53
Q

Mental Imagery

A

you visually imagine something that isn’t in the environment you are in as you’re imagining it/experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input

  • Ex: how many windows are in your apartment without seeing the actual being there
54
Q

Cocktail Party Phenomenon

A

Room full of conversations, we can attend
to just our conversation due to dichotic listening

55
Q

What is noticed about unattended
channel in dichotic listening?

A

Did notice
– Change of gender
– Change to tone
– Change in pitch or loudness
* Did not notice
– Change of language from English to German

56
Q

Processing load and the locus of
selection

A

High demands for attended stimuli –
evidence looks like early selection
* Low demands for attended stimuli –
evidence looks like late selection
* There is no single locus of selection,
depends on processing demands.
– Selection is flexible

57
Q

Word Superiority Effect

A

Better at recognizing
letters in words than
letters alone, or letters in
non-words

58
Q

Propositional theory

A

Objects and relations between objects.
– Ball is on the box - ON(Ball, Box)
– Propositions can be about specific objects or
they can represent whole classes of objects.
– Subjective experience of imagery is not
relevant to understanding the cognitive
processes involved

PSY 305 (5 decks)

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