Lecture 1 Flashcards
what are drugs? (protein kinase _____)
inhibitors
what is an example of cells dying (every day example)
sunburn
what kind of disease involve defects in the regulation of cell death? (4)
degenerative diseases (alzheimers)
autoimmune diseases
cancer
ischemia/reperfusion
what is ischemia / reperfusion?
death of surrounding cells, leading to extensive damage following stroke and heart attack
describe necrosis
swelling of the cell
loss of plasma membrane integrity
release of contents into surrounding tissue
describe apoptosis
shrinkage of cell
maintenance of plasma membrane integrity
cell phagocytosed by macrophages
describe autophagy
maintenance of plasma membrane integrity
organells are broken down and reused as nutrients
may not be cell death - might do this to survive
what does apoptosis do?
protects from infected cells, damaged cells, or unwanted cells
apoptosis minimizes collateral damage to the _____
tissue
apoptosis is defined by an orderly sequence of morphological changes:
- cell _____
- _____ collapses
- loss of _______ membrane
- chromatin ______ and ____ is cleaved into fragments
- membrane ____ which break off into _____ _______
- cell _____ alters to attract _____
- shrinkage
- cytoskeleton
- nuclear
- condenses, DNA
- blebs, apoptotic bodies
- surface, phagocytes
apoptosis uses ___
ATP
caspases are ______, meaning they cleave within a protein
endopetidases
caspases also cleave ______ substrates and specific ____
substrates, sites
CAD (caspase activated DNAse), is a ____ that chops up ___. it cuts ___ between _____
nuclease, DNA, DNA, histones
executioner caspases have a ___ pro-domain, whereas initiator caspases have a ____ pro-domain
small, large
proenzyme executioner caspases are ____
dimers
proenzyme initator caspases are ____
monomers (when inactive)
cleavage by the initator caspases causes rearrangement of the _____
active site
proenzyme initator caspases are activated by _____ _____ via the pro-domain
induced dimerization
caspase 9 is activated by the _____
apoptosome
