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Amplification I > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What do hearing aids aim to do?

A

We aim to make sounds audible, speech intelligible, sound comfortable, and prescriptively appropriate, with devices that will be worn consistently while meeting the goals of the patient for their needs

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2
Q

Are hearing aids a one size fits all?

A

No, amplification is very dynamic

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3
Q

What are 10 benefits of treating hearing loss in adults?

A
  1. Have less difficulty communicating
  2. Greater confidence in social situations
  3. Participate in more social activities
  4. Have a greater sense of overall physical health
  5. Have less generalized anxiety
  6. Report better cognitive ability
  7. Greater earning power potential
  8. Better communication in relationships
  9. More sense of control over life events
  10. Perception of better mental functioning
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4
Q

What are 5 benefits of treating hearing loss in children?

A
  1. Better outcomes in eduction
  2. Better speech understanding
  3. Better literacy rates
  4. Improved cognition
  5. Improved social skills
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5
Q

What is early intervention?

A
  • UNHS (universal newborn hearing screening)
  • Identification of children with permanent hearing loss
  • Intervention services (support for technology and communication services, family support, continued monitoring)
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6
Q

What is the timeframe of early intervention?

A
  • Screening by 1 month
  • Intervention & full diagnosis by 3 months
  • Access to services & devices by 6 months
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7
Q

What does hearing loss treatment reduce?

A
  • Discrimination against the person with hearing loss
  • Hearing loss compensation behaviours
  • Depression and anxiety
  • Social phobias
  • Self-criticism
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8
Q

What are 3 hearing loss compensation behaviours?

A
  1. Over talking
  2. Smile and nod
  3. Avoidance of situations
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9
Q

Hearing loss consistently ranks among the top ____ causes of years lived with a disability

A

Five

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10
Q

Hearing loss is the third most common disability in older adults following ____ and ____

A

Heart disease, arthritis

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11
Q

In Canada, an estimated ____ of adults have a “mild” hearing loss (average of 0.5, 1,2,4 KHz), and an even greater number have hearing loss to some degree in the high frequency range (3,4,6,8 KHz)— typically where presbycusis begins

A

19%

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12
Q

The WHO estimates that 466 million people are living with hearing loss globally, and that number is expected to grow to ____ million by 2050

A

900

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13
Q

Can hearing intervention reduce cognitive decline?

A

Hearing intervention in adults aged 70 years and older who are at increased risk for cognitive decline and dementia might have an important effect on reducing cognitive change

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14
Q

Is hearing loss always perceived?

A

Not necessarily and patients tend to wait for intervention

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15
Q

Of those Canadians with some degree of hearing loss in the high frequency range, ____% of those did not perceive that they had any hearing loss

A

77

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16
Q

Even once hearing loss is suspected, Canadian adults tend to wait ____ years before seeking help

A

7

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17
Q

What 6 factors may lead to action ot inaction?

A
  1. Coping strategies
  2. Barriers/access to care
  3. Denial
  4. Triggers
  5. Tipping points/awareness
  6. Stigma
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18
Q

What are some exogenous (external influences) that influence patients in the process?

A
  • Having a supportive family
  • A family history of hearing loss
  • Career
  • Culture
  • Money
  • Awareness
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19
Q

What are some endogenous (internal influences) that influence patients in the process?

A
  • Participation
  • Dexterity (physical capabilities)
  • Culture
  • Skill set (technology)
  • Age (too old)
  • Safety
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20
Q

If someone is seeking help for their hearing loss does it mean they are ready for hearing aids?

A

No
- Reluctance to seek professional help
- Reluctance in accepting recommendations

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21
Q

What information do we obtain from sound?

A
  • Communication
  • Share and obtain information
  • Safety
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22
Q

What is the speech banana?

A
  • The “speech banana” is a visual figure that displays an approximation of where sounds in conversational speech fall in terms of frequency (Hz) and intensity (dB HL)
  • The speech banana is an approximation of speech sounds at normal conversational levels
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23
Q

Why is the speech banana just an approximation?

A

Information is across the whole spectrum, for example, /z/ isn’t just at 250Hz.

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24
Q

Explain vocal effort

A
  • Males have a lower, louder voice
  • Children have higher pitch, and are sometimes softer
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25
Q

What does degree of hearing loss impact?

A

What sounds are audible

26
Q

Vowels contribute mostly to the ____ of speech and less to ____

A

Power, intelligibility

27
Q

Consonants contribute mostly to speech ____ and less to the ____ of speech

A

Intelligibility, power

28
Q

What is dynamic range? What is it between?

A

The “dynamic range” refers to the range of audible sounds between minimal audible levels, and loudest levels of discomfort.

29
Q

Why is dynamic range challenging with hearing aids?

A

For hearing loss, it can be challenging to restore audibility for soft sounds without loud sounds being over-amplified and getting uncomfortably loud if things were just made “louder”.

30
Q

How do hearing aids overcome the problem with dynamic range?

A

Hearing aids overcome this by using compression, and they do this well!

31
Q

What is the main goal of cpmression?

A

Main goal of compression is to compress the range of sound levels in the environment (i.e., from ~15-20 dB SPL to ~85-90 dB SLP) so that this range can fit in the reduced dynamic range of the person with hearing loss (e.g., 40-dB dynamic range, from 60-dB threshold to 100-dB UCL).

32
Q

Normal hearing has a ____ dynamic range

A

Large

33
Q

What are 5 challenges faced by patients with hearing loss?

A
  1. Reduced audibility
  2. Difficulty in areas of background noise
  3. Difficulty in areas of reverberation
  4. Reduced dynamic range
  5. Obstacles in communication (i.e social barriers)
34
Q

How do hearing aids handle noise?

A

Digital Hearing aids use signal processing strategies to mitigate what patients deem to be “undesirable”

35
Q

What are 4 examples of unwanted noise that hearing aids pick up?

A
  1. Wind noise (often loud, low frequency)
  2. Low level ambient sound (AC, fan, fridge running)
  3. Challenging background noise (multi-speaker babble)
  4. Traffic noise (cutting out too much of this sound can affect safety)
36
Q

Dating back to the late 1800s, ____ were used to measure hearing

A

Instruments (audiometers)

37
Q

Profession evolved and blossomed during and in the aftermath of ____

A

WWII

38
Q

When was the term “audiology” coined?

A

1945

39
Q

Who coined the term “audiology”?

A
  • Norton Canfield (ENT) OR Raymond Carhart (SLP) in 1945
  • BOTH of these men were involved in implementing aural rehabilitation programs established for military personnel in the United States
40
Q

HA trends - 1800s

A

Ear trumpets and conversation tubes

41
Q

HA trends - 1920-1940s

A

Vacuum tubes to transistor body worn hearing aids (transitor credited to Bell Telephone Labor

42
Q

HA trends - 1950s-1960s

A

Behind-the-ear hearing aids, eye glass hearing aids, cochlear implants (1957) *more development through the 1970s

43
Q

HA trends - 1970s

A

In-the-ear hearing hearing aids

44
Q

HA trends - 1980s

A

In-the-canal hearing aids

45
Q

HA trends - 1990s

A

Completely-in-canal hearing aids
Programmable hearing aids and digital technology

46
Q

HA trends - 2000s

A

“Open-fit” technology with slim tube options

47
Q

HA trends - 2010s

A

RIC technology and “extended wear hearing aids”, smart phone connection emerging

48
Q

HA trends - 2020s

A

Bluetooth compatibility, accessories for connection to other devices, apps, other connection to health tracking

49
Q

Ear trumpets would give about a ____dB boost

A

10

50
Q

Explain linear hearing aids

A

Linear hearing aids worked by if you turned it up, you turned all the volume up (there was no compression so not very comfortable)

51
Q

The larger the ITE style the more ____ it will have

A

Power

52
Q

What is the Phonak Lyric?

A
  • Place the device 5mm from the TM and it stays there for 8-12 weeks
  • Adjusted with a magnet
53
Q

HA’s have to be able to deliver sound to the ____

A

Auditory system

54
Q

What are the 3 basic components of a HA?

A
  1. Acoustic, environmental sounds are picked up by a microphone
  2. Sound processing in the hearing aid chip will modify the signal
  3. Delivery to the ear via a speaker (we refer to this as a receiver)
55
Q

Hearing aids are increasing the ____ of sound waves in a ____ manner

A

Amplitude, frequency- specific

56
Q

The amount of amplified sound we deliver is called ____

A

Gain

57
Q

What is gain?

A

The difference between the input vs. output of the device

58
Q

Explain the signal in HAs

A
  • Digitial HAs must first convert the signal to process it
  • Analogue to digital
  • then digital to analogue
59
Q

What are the 7 HA components of a RIC?

A
  1. Optional program or volume button
  2. Microphone port 1
  3. Microphone port 2
  4. Receiver wire (may occasionally be a thin tube instead of a wire)
  5. Dome (various types available)
  6. Receiver
  7. Battery door
60
Q

What are the 8 HA components of a BTE?

A
  1. Microphone port 1
  2. Microphone port 2
  3. Optional program button
  4. Optional volume control
  5. Battery door
  6. Earhook
  7. Earmoud tubing
  8. Earmold (vary in appearance depending on loss)
61
Q

What are the 5 HA components of a ITC/ITE?

A
  1. Optinal program or volume button
  2. Sound outlet
  3. Microphone port 1
  4. Microphone port 2
  5. Battery door

Amplification I (14 decks)

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