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BC4009 > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Retroviruses are used to isolate __

A

potent oncogenes

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2
Q

Transcription factors are often regulated by __

A

phosphorylation

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3
Q

True or False: All tumour suppressor proteins are transcription factors.

A

False

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4
Q

Two major tumour suppressor proteins

A
  • p53
  • Retinoblastoma (Rb) protein
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5
Q

What is cancer?

A

A group of heterogeneous pathologic states in which cells multiply abnormally and invade surrounding tissues

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6
Q

Do cancer cells have a higher rate of mutation than normal cells?

A

Yes

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7
Q

Main difference between benign and malignant tumours

A

Malignant tumours have the ability to invade surrounding tissues and metastasise to organs via the circulatory system. Benign tumours do not have this ability.

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8
Q

Breast cancer most often spreads to __

A

bone

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9
Q

Lung cancer most often spreads to __

A

brain

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10
Q

What percentage of patients presenting in the clinic with cancer already have metastases?

A

~50%

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11
Q

What are oncogenes?

A

Genes capable of inducing neoplastic phenotype

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12
Q

Examples of benign tumours

A
  • skin warts
  • polyps (common in GIT)
  • uterine fibroids
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13
Q

Examples of malignant tumours

A
  • carcinoma
  • sarcoma
  • leukaemia
  • lymphoma
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14
Q

How many different human cancers are there (categorised based on tissue type)?

A

~100

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15
Q

Tumour cells descend from…

A

a single progenitor cell

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16
Q

Why are cancer cell lines easy to use in the lab?

A

because they are immortal

17
Q

What is the main enzyme that facilitates immortality of cancer cells?

A

Telomerase (important anti-cancer drug target)

18
Q

Key changes that occur in the progression of tumours

A
  • immortality
  • angiogenic ability
  • migratory abilities
19
Q

2 examples of very aggressive cancers that are difficult to treat

A
  • Pancreatic cancer (due to its location & activation of Ras oncogenes)
  • Mesothelioma (rare lung cancer, clear association with asbestos)
20
Q

__ account for 80-90% of all cancer cases

A

Carcinomas (malignancies of epithelial tissue)

21
Q

What is crucial in the study of oncology?

A

Understanding control/regulation of cell growth

22
Q

What is a common site for metastasis?

A

Liver

BC4009 (11 decks)

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