Lecture 1

Question 1

What is adolescence

Answer 1

stage of development that begins with puberty and ends when individuals make the transition into adult roles, roughly speaking, from about 10 until the early 20s

Question 2

When is early adolescence

Answer 2

10-13 years; junior high years

Question 3

When is middle adolescence

Answer 3

14-17 years; high school years

Question 4

When is late adolescence

Answer 4

18-21 years; college years

Question 5

When is emerging adulthood

Answer 5

18-25; transition from adolescence to adulthood

Question 6

What is the biological transition of adolesence

Answer 6

onset of puberty: changes in appearance and ability to conceive children

Question 7

What is the cognitive transition of adolescence

Answer 7

emergence of more advanced thinking abilities such as hypothetical situations and abstract concepts

Question 8

What is the social transition of adolescence

Answer 8

transition into new roles in society

Question 9

What is a rite of passage

Answer 9

ceremony or ritual marking an individual’s transition from one social status to another, especially marking the young person’s transition to adulthood

Question 10

What is the ecological perspective of human development

Answer 10

individual is embedded in set of systems
- systems interact with each other and with individual regularly over time to promote and influence development
- an adolescent has biological, psychological, cognitive, and social characteristics that shape development

Question 11

What is a microsystem

Answer 11

immediate settings
- direct contact
- change with ecological transitions

Question 12

What is a mesosystem

Answer 12

connection between microsystems

Question 13

What is a exosystem

Answer 13

indirect social settings/structures
non-active role

Question 14

What is a macrosystem

Answer 14

institutional patterns and ideologies
explicit and implicit
the “isms”

Question 15

What is the chronosystem

Answer 15

historical times and circumstances

Question 16

What are the various psychosocial concepts in adolescence

Answer 16

• identity
• autonomy
• intimacy
• sexuality
• achievement

Question 17

What are some examples of psychosocial problems

Answer 17

• substance use: drug and alcohol abuse
• juvenile delinquency and externalizing problems
• depression, anxiety and other internalizing problems

Question 18

What is the goal and assumptions of the lifespan developmental theory

Answer 18

goal: to describe, explain, and modify human development
assumptions: development is lifelong, is a result of biological, psychological, social contexts acting together
individual influences and is influences by people and contexts

Question 19

What is Recapitulation Theory

Answer 19

• by G. Stanley Hall
• adolescence is shaped by biology
• ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
• biological changes create inner turmoil, uproar confusion -> antisocial behaviour

Question 20

What is storm and stress

Answer 20

universal and inevitable upheaval
- three components: conflict with parents, mood disruptions, risky behaviors

Question 21

What is the dual systems theory

Answer 21

• two different neural systems and two different timetables
• the first system governs how brain processes rewards, punishments and social information (controlled by domaninergic system)
• the second system regulates self control and advanced thinking abilities (controlled by development of executive functioning or the prefrontal cortex

Question 22

Who made the three organismic theories

Answer 22

• Sigmund Freud
• Erik Erikson
• Jean Piaget

Question 23

What was the theory by Sigmund Freud

Answer 23

• puberty temporarily throws adolescent into psychological crisis
• adolescence is a time of upheaval

Question 24

What is the theory by Erik Erikson

Answer 24

• internal, biological development moves individuals from one stage to the next
• psychosocial conflicts
• challenge is to solve the identity crisis

Question 25

What is the theory by Jean Piaget

Answer 25

• development is the changing in the nature of thinking
• adolescence is the transition from concrete to abstract thought

Question 26

What are the two learning theories

Answer 26

• behaviorism: reinforcement and punishment (B.F. Skinner)
• Social learning theory: observation and imitation

Question 27

What are sociological theories

Answer 27

• how adolescents are treated as a group by society

Question 28

What are the two sociological theories

Answer 28

adolescent marginality:
- power difference between adults and adolescents
- frustrated after being prohibited from occupying meaningful roles in society
intergenerational conflict:
- adolescents and adults grow up in different generations
- inevitable conflict between generations

Question 29

What is the historical perspective

Answer 29

• adolescence has varied from one era to another: depends on the various forces at play

Question 30

What are anthropological perspectives

Answer 30

societies vary considerably in how they view adolescence