Lecture 1 Flashcards
What is adolescence
stage of development that begins with puberty and ends when individuals make the transition into adult roles, roughly speaking, from about 10 until the early 20s
When is early adolescence
10-13 years; junior high years
When is middle adolescence
14-17 years; high school years
When is late adolescence
18-21 years; college years
When is emerging adulthood
18-25; transition from adolescence to adulthood
What is the biological transition of adolesence
onset of puberty: changes in appearance and ability to conceive children
What is the cognitive transition of adolescence
emergence of more advanced thinking abilities such as hypothetical situations and abstract concepts
What is the social transition of adolescence
transition into new roles in society
What is a rite of passage
ceremony or ritual marking an individual’s transition from one social status to another, especially marking the young person’s transition to adulthood
What is the ecological perspective of human development
individual is embedded in set of systems
- systems interact with each other and with individual regularly over time to promote and influence development
- an adolescent has biological, psychological, cognitive, and social characteristics that shape development
What is a microsystem
immediate settings
- direct contact
- change with ecological transitions
What is a mesosystem
connection between microsystems
What is a exosystem
indirect social settings/structures
non-active role
What is a macrosystem
institutional patterns and ideologies
explicit and implicit
the “isms”
What is the chronosystem
historical times and circumstances
What are the various psychosocial concepts in adolescence
- identity
- autonomy
- intimacy
- sexuality
- achievement
What are some examples of psychosocial problems
- substance use: drug and alcohol abuse
- juvenile delinquency and externalizing problems
- depression, anxiety and other internalizing problems
What is the goal and assumptions of the lifespan developmental theory
goal: to describe, explain, and modify human development
assumptions: development is lifelong, is a result of biological, psychological, social contexts acting together
individual influences and is influences by people and contexts
What is Recapitulation Theory
- by G. Stanley Hall
- adolescence is shaped by biology
- ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
- biological changes create inner turmoil, uproar confusion -> antisocial behaviour
What is storm and stress
universal and inevitable upheaval
- three components: conflict with parents, mood disruptions, risky behaviors
What is the dual systems theory
- two different neural systems and two different timetables
- the first system governs how brain processes rewards, punishments and social information (controlled by domaninergic system)
- the second system regulates self control and advanced thinking abilities (controlled by development of executive functioning or the prefrontal cortex
Who made the three organismic theories
- Sigmund Freud
- Erik Erikson
- Jean Piaget
What was the theory by Sigmund Freud
- puberty temporarily throws adolescent into psychological crisis
- adolescence is a time of upheaval
What is the theory by Erik Erikson
- internal, biological development moves individuals from one stage to the next
- psychosocial conflicts
- challenge is to solve the identity crisis
What is the theory by Jean Piaget
- development is the changing in the nature of thinking
- adolescence is the transition from concrete to abstract thought
What are the two learning theories
- behaviorism: reinforcement and punishment (B.F. Skinner)
- Social learning theory: observation and imitation
What are sociological theories
- how adolescents are treated as a group by society
What are the two sociological theories
adolescent marginality:
- power difference between adults and adolescents
- frustrated after being prohibited from occupying meaningful roles in society
intergenerational conflict:
- adolescents and adults grow up in different generations
- inevitable conflict between generations
What is the historical perspective
- adolescence has varied from one era to another: depends on the various forces at play
What are anthropological perspectives
societies vary considerably in how they view adolescence
