Lecture 1

Question 1

What is the main source of ATP

Answer 1

carbs

Question 2

Atp manufacturing takes places where mainly

Answer 2

in mitochondria

Question 3

is [K+] higher in extracellular space or intra
is [Na+] higher in extracellular or intra

Answer 3

[K+] is higher in intra

[Na+] is higher in extra

Question 4

how many K+ enter cell and how many NA+ leave cell

Answer 4

3 Na+ leave cell and 2 K+ enter cell

Question 5

what initiates the conformational change of the protein in Na+/K+ ATPase and what binds to it and when does it unbind

Answer 5

ATP going to ADP plus Pi
P binds to it
unbinds when K+ are in the channel

Question 6

what are the 3 components of ATP

Answer 6

adenine (purine base)
ribose (5 C sugar)
3 phosphates

Question 7

do all 3 of the phosphates on ATP have a high energy bond

Answer 7

no just the 2 ones closer to ribose

Question 8

what happens (left with what and how much E) when the third bond of ATP is broken off

Answer 8

left with adenosine and little energy but still some left

Question 9

what is adenosine

Answer 9

potent vasodilator that relaxes smooth m. to allow more blood flow to go in (acts more on coronary arteries)

Question 10

T/F only the 2 high energy P bonds of ATP have functional use

Answer 10

false every part of ATP has functional use when its broken down (including adenosine)

Question 11

what type of rx is ATP hydrolysis
and ATP phosphorylation and which need E or give away E

Answer 11

ATP hydrolysis is exergonic gives E
ATP phosphorylation is endergonic needs E

Question 12

what is the gibs value for an exergonic and endergonic rx and what does it mean

Answer 12

exergonic is (-) gibs bc it releases E
endergonic is (+) gibs bc it needs E to be given to it for it to occur

Question 13

when is the gib’s value different

Answer 13

when its calculated in standard conditions vs in living cells

Question 14

what is standard conditions and how much Kcal does it give off for 1 Mol of ATP

Answer 14

25°
[1 M]
pH=7
+ or - 7.3 Kcal

Question 15

T/F the estimated E liberated from 1 Mol of ATP in a pettry dish is more than in living cells and why

Answer 15

false, more in living cells bc of more heat (use more and make more E)

Question 16

what rx is spontaneous btw exergonic and endergonic and what does it need to be spontaneous

Answer 16

exergonic and needs ATP and water

Question 17

what needs to happen for a coupled rx to become spontaneous

Answer 17

it needs the ATP donating its high E P bond to glucose so its a net exergonic rx

Question 18

how many Kcal is 1 KJ

Answer 18

0.239 kcal

Question 19

what do we rely on for first sec to first min of activity for E and what is it

Answer 19

creatine phosphate is a high E P compound that acts as a storage form of E in the m.

Question 20

what do we need to start using the creatine phosphate E (under resting conditions)

Answer 20

need ADP and creatine w P bound to it

Question 21

what is the relationship btw m. mass and creatine P levels

Answer 21

more m. mass = more creatine P

Question 22

what enzyme is needed to use creatine P sys and what does it do (what happens if its not there)

Answer 22

creatine phosphokinase or creatine kinase
it makes more Creatine P go to Creatine and more ATP being released
rx can still occur but not enough ATP formed for amount required during exercise

Question 23

what type of rx is the creatine phosphate rx and what happens with P bond

Answer 23

coupled rx but net exergonic bc of CK, PO3 will detach and will bind to ADP to form aTP

Question 24

what is the first boost of energy during exercise (<1 sec) and why does it last so little time

Answer 24

ATP hydrolysis; stored in skeletal m.
bc ATP stores are depleted w first few m. contractions (about 90%)

Question 25

what is the 2nd sys used for E during exercise and how does it use ATP and how long does it last

Answer 25

Creatine -P
since no more ATP in m. need to break down P bond from Creatine P to bind it to ADP to form ATP
60 sec

Question 26

what is the 3rd sys used during exercise and describe it and how long does it last

Answer 26

anaerobic metabolism
no oxygen used here
bring glucose into cell to form lactic acid to form ATP
can last for several min

Question 27

what is the fourth sys used during exercise and describe it and how long it lasts

Answer 27

aerobic metabolism
have O2 and plenty of glucose and fats
huge amounts of ATP to do m. contraction that hook onto myosin ATPase
last several hours

Question 28

does Glucose have a P group, what is it and how does it make ATP

Answer 28

it has no P group on it, its a 6 carbon sugar but can take ADP and form ATP when it starts to combust and oxidize

Question 29

under normal conditions is there more glucose in the cell or outside the cell

Answer 29

more outside the cell

Question 30

how does glucose get inside the cell (what kind of transport)

Answer 30

facilitated transport

Question 31

what is needed for glucose to go in a skeletal m. cell or an adipose cell (4)

Answer 31

insulin, insulin receptor, secretory vesicle and GLUT 4 receptor protein

Question 32

can glucose enter cell if no insulin

Answer 32

it can but its never enough for the amount needed for exercise

Question 33

where is GLUT 4 situated

Answer 33

in skeletal m. cell, adipose cell and heart m. cells and it is bound to secretory vessicle

Question 34

what happens to glucose transport once insulin binds to insulin receptor

Answer 34

glut 4 starts moving w vesicle towards cell mem (exocytosis)
glut 4 binds to cell mem (protrudes thru)
glucose can enter the cell w facilitated diffusion from high to low [ ]

Question 35

can glucose leave the cell once it enters

Answer 35

no it gets stuck in the cell and has to go thru glycolysis