Lecture 1: 11/28/22

Question 1

What is the definition of energy?

Answer 1

The capacity to do work.

Question 2

What is the difference between kinetic and potential energy?

Answer 2

a. Kinetic: using energy to do something → energy of motion
Ex. breaking chemical bond releases energy
b. Potential energy: storing energy for later
Ex. creating bonds to do so

Question 3

______________ occurs when energy is transferred from one molecule to another and are used in many different biological processes. Fill in the blank.

Answer 3

Redox Reactions

Question 4

What is the difference between reduction and oxidation processes?

Answer 4

oxidation →loss of electrons vs. reduction → gaining electrons

Question 5

_____________ is the ability of organisms to store energy in molecules by transferring electrons (i.e. energy) to them. Fill in the blank.

Answer 5

Reducing power

Question 6

Which statement describes any information discussed in class regarding the First Law of Thermodynamics?

Answer 6

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, it can only change from one form to another.

Question 7

What is often a byproduct of a chemical reaction (according to the First Law of Thermodynamics)?

Answer 7

heat

Question 8

Which statement describes any information discussed in class regarding the Second Law of Thermodynamics?

Answer 8

as energy is transferred or transformed, more and more of it is wasted

Question 9

What is the definition of either (a) entropy, (b) or free energy?

Answer 9

a. Entropy: The measure of disorder in a system
b. leftover energy available for everyday activities

Question 10

What is the equation for Gibbs free energy?

Answer 10

G = H - TS

Question 11

What does each letter represent (the word and what it means) within the equation for Gibbs free energy?

Answer 11

H- enthalpy (energy contained in a molecules chemical bonds)
T- when ones consumes food, they need to subtract the heat energy and the temperature they’re dealing with
Entropy (S)- energy unavailable cause of disorder

Question 12

What is the difference between an endergonic and exergonic reaction?

Answer 12

a. Endergonic: reaction that requires input of energy (called “plus G”)
b. Exergonic: if you want to release energy (called “negative G”)

Question 13

What is the definition of activation energy?

Answer 13

The energy required to destabilize existing chemical bonds and initiate a chemical bonds, energy needed to start a reaction

Question 14

How are catalysts useful for completing chemical reactions?

Answer 14

If one uses catalyst, reaction activation energy needed is lessened

Question 15

What described the structure of ATP?

Answer 15

Is a nucleotide with three smaller components: Ribose, adenine nitrogen group, triphosphate group, its main component of monomer is nucleotide

Question 16

How does ATP store and release energy (know the specific bond we discussed)?

Answer 16

ATP stores energy in the bonds between the phosphate groups which have a low activation energy to be broken, can release a lot on energy when broken

Question 17

What is the difference between the structures of ATP and ADP (there is only one main difference we discussed in class)? look at hint in study guide to help

Answer 17

ATP has an extra phosphate group while ADP only has 2

Question 18

Cells use proteins called ___________ as catalysts to lower activation energy during chemical reactions. Fill in the blank

Answer 18

enzymes

Question 19

What is the definition of the active site of an enzyme?

Answer 19

where it’s actively accepting something to go and do a reaction. It’s usually where the substrate binds to the enzymes, a specific area (pocket or cleft in enzyme)

Question 20

ATP Cycle

Answer 20

look at diagram

Question 21

enzyme cycle

Answer 21

look at diagram

Question 22

What is the definition of an enzyme-substrate complex?

Answer 22

When the substrate and enzyme are connected and different chemical process take place inside the area, substrate will bind to the actual enzyme and it’ll be the active site and then undergo a chemical reaction

Question 23

What is the definition of a multienzyme?

Answer 23

When several enzymes catalyze different steps of a sequence of reaction and are associated with one another in non-covalent bonding assemblies

Question 24

What are the 3 main advantages of using multienzymes versus regular enzymes?

Answer 24

1. Rate of any enzyme is limited by how often the enzyme collides with a substance
2. Reacting substance does not leave the complex
3. All of the reactions that take place in the MEC can be controlled as a unit

Question 25

________ are chemical components which assist in an enzyme's function. ________ are when the cofactor is a non-protein organic molecules (i.e. vitamins). Fill in the blanks.

Answer 25

Cofactors, Coenzyme

Question 26

For specific enzymes, what happens when a cofactor is not attached to its designed enzyme?

Answer 26

It simply wouldn't function, some enzymes need the cofactor to function.

Question 27

Which statement explains how temperature and pH can affect enzymes?

Answer 27

a. Temperature: increase temp. → increase rate of reaction b. as pH value is increased above or decreased below the optimum pH the enzyme activity decreases

Question 28

What is the definition of an enzymatic inhibitor?

Answer 28

substance that bind to enzyme and decrease activity

Question 29

What is the difference between a competitive inhibitor and noncompetitive inhibitor?

Answer 29

a. inhibitor competes with substrate for the same active site displacing a percentage of substrate molecules from the enzyme b. inhibitor changes of shape of enzyme so it cannot bind to substrate, turns it off

Question 30

What is the definition of an allosteric site of an enzyme?

Answer 30

Allows molecules to either activate or inhibit, or turn off, enzyme activity. These molecules bind the site and change the confirmation, or shape, of the enzyme

Question 31

What is the definition of either an (a) allosteric inhibitor or (b) allosteric activator?

Answer 31

Allosteric inhibitors modify the active site of the enzyme so that substrate binding is reduced or prevented. In contrast, allosteric activators modify the active site of the enzyme so that the affinity for the substrate increases.

Question 32

What is the definition of a biochemical pathway?

Answer 32

Any type of reaction that involves enzymes, the product of one reaction becomes the substrate to the next reactant

Question 33

What is the definition of metabolism?

Answer 33

total of all chemical reactions carried out by organisms, only two process (make or break)

Question 34

What is the difference between the metabolic processes of catabolism and anabolism?

Answer 34

a. type of reaction that expends energy to make or transform chemical bonds b. reactions that harvest energy when chemical bond are broken

Question 35

Many different biochemical pathways regulate their metabolic processes by using feedback inhibition pathways. What is the definition of feedback inhibition?

Answer 35

biochemical pathway in which the final product becomes the allosteric inhibitor for the first enzyme in the pathway