Lecture 1

Question 1

3 components of prevention

Answer 1

1. Reducing of force
2. Strengthening of body part
3. screening of participants

Question 2

Preventive medicine

Answer 2

promote health and well-being and prevent disease, disability and death.

Question 3

Reduction of force

Answer 3

protective équipement, balanced opponents, taping, rules enforcement, facilities, technique development

Question 4

strengthening of body parts

Answer 4

when, what strength vs endurance, how

Question 5

Screening of participants

Answer 5

Why- determine if fit, establish athletes health

Question 6

3 different types of preventative medicine

Answer 6

1. Primary prevention
2. secondary prevention
3. tertiary prevention

Question 7

Primary prevention

Answer 7

• before injury
• warm up
• stretching
• training

Question 8

Secondary prevention

Answer 8

• After injury
• antibiotic
• rehab
• brace/taping

Question 9

Tertiary prevention

Answer 9

• things we do when original function cannot be restored
• reduce long term impairment
• improve quality of life

Question 10

importance of preparation

Answer 10

Decrease incidence and severity of injuries

how often, how serious

Question 11

C.O= H.R x S.V

Answer 11

Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume.

Question 12

Strength training

Answer 12

lv 1 : Isometric ( muscle contract but not move).
lv 2: concentric (shortening of muscle)
lv3: eccentric (lengthening of muscle)

Question 13

Gross vs Fine motor skill

Answer 13

Gross: bigger muscle group
Fine: more detail

Question 14

Open vs close skills

Answer 14

Open: environment is constantly changing and athlete has to react. e.g Soccer
Close: not influenced by others. E.g Golf, archery

Question 15

Protective measures

Answer 15

absorbs energy
disperse energy
deflects
limits excess movement

Question 16

6 essential nutrients

Answer 16

Protein 
Carbs
Fats
Vitamin 
minerals
water

Question 17

Macro nutrients

Answer 17

Protein
carbs
fat

Question 18

Micro nutrients

Answer 18

minerals
vitamins
water

Question 19

Role of nutrients

Answer 19

growth, repair, and maintenance of all tissues
regulate body process
provide energy

Question 20

Protein

Answer 20

20-25%
4k cal /G
protein on own does not increase muscle mass
not primary source of fuel
extra consumed is burned as energy or stored as fat

Question 21

Carbs

Answer 21

55% - 60%
4k cal/ G
most efficiently broken down and metabolized form energy.
broken down and stored as glycogen

Question 22

fats

Answer 22

15-20%
9k cal/ G
most energy dense
primary fuel for moderate intensity exercise

Question 23

Vitamins and minerals

Answer 23

not metabolized for energy
play key role in metabolism of carbs and fats
involved in building of muscle protein in reponse to training

Question 24

Vitamin

Answer 24

ADEK - Fat soluble. excess stored in body fat.

BC- water soluble, excess is excreted in urine needs to be replenished

Question 25

Mineral

Answer 25

20 diff minerals in Body in liver and bones some mineral need 100mg daily (sodium, Ca, MG, S) some need 20 mg daily( Fe zinc, Iodine,

Question 26

water

Answer 26

used for digestion, temperature control, eliminating waste products, prevents dehydration Hyperhydration : too much water 60% of body weight is water

Question 27

Dehydration

Answer 27

decrease volume of blood circulating through the body the amount of blood pumped w each heartbeat decrease exercising muscle don't get enough oxygen byproducts are not flushed out exhausting set in and athletes performance decreases.

Question 28

signs/symptoms

Answer 28

Early: thirst, tiredness, headache, loss of appetite, dry mouth, late: nausea, hot to touch, dizziness, lack of coordination, confusion, fainting

Question 29

external heat disorder

Answer 29

cramping: excessive sweating with sodium/mineral loss Heat exhaustion: prolonged period of fluid loss by activity in high temp Heat stroke: failure of thermoregulatory system sudden collapse, loss of consciousness, flushed, hot skin, shallow breathing, rapid pulse. core temp of 106 degrees or higher

Question 30

joint types

Answer 30

``` Hinge saddle facet pivot gliding ball and socket ```

Question 31

Fracture types

Answer 31

``` Open (bone sticking out vs closed simple) Transverse oblique comminuted spiral greenstick epiphyseal plate acute one action vs stress ```

Question 32

yield point

Answer 32

elasticity of tissue can no longer hold back stress, mechanical failure.

Question 33

Soft tissue injury repair

Answer 33

Acute inflammatory phase (0-72 hrs) proliferation/repair phase (2 days - 6 weeks) remodelling/ maturation phase (4-6 months)

Question 34

inflammation

Answer 34

``` Rubor : increased blood flow(redness) calor: increased blood flow (heat) tumor : swelling dolor : pain function lease : loss of function ```

Question 35

acute inflammatory phase

Answer 35

``` 0 - 72 horus two primary component 1. Vascular events 2. Cellular events Vascular and cellular reactions are mediated by chemical mediators ```

Question 36

Vascular events

Answer 36

``` changes in blood flow Vasoconstriction : blood vessel constrict for a brief period states increased blood viscosity. Vasodilation : increased blood flow and increased vascular permeability. 1. blood vessels decreases 2. blood gets sticky 3. clots 4. increase blood to injured area ```

Question 37

Cellular events

Answer 37

``` initiated by chemical mediators Margination rolling adhesion migration -> chemotaxis ```

Question 38

diapedesis

Answer 38

process of white blood cells moving through a vascular wall

Question 39

Chemotaxis

Answer 39

Process of following chemical signals

Question 40

Macrophages

Answer 40

eats away at damaged tissues.

Question 41

inflammation terminology

Answer 41

``` itis means inflammation myositis : muscle inflammation arthritis : joints tendonitis: tendon bursitis : bursa vasculitis: blood vessel Dermatitis: skin ```

Question 42

proliferation/repair phase

Answer 42

``` characterized by proliferation of capillaries ( neovascularization) and fibroblasts which synthesize granulation tissues aka scar tissue. collagen laid down in random fashion type 3 collagen Weak and susceptible to rein jury. Poorly vascularized & disorganized ```

Question 43

Remodelling/maturation phase

Answer 43

4 weeks - long time long term process that involve realignment/maturation of collagen fibre. Myofibroblast: re-orient collagen fibrils in the direction of loading parallel to line o tension type 3 turns to type 1

Question 44

3 types of tissues

Answer 44

Labile : replace itself constantly (skin) stable: smooth muscle, glands, connective tissues, lag phase permanent: cardiac, skeletal muscle. Cannot region itself

Question 45

types of skin wound

Answer 45

1st intention: easy small scar | 2nd intention: bigger, irregular,

Question 46

Factors that influence healing

Answer 46

``` location of wound extent of injury swelling hemooraghe poor vascular supply separation tissue muscle spasm atrophy infection ```