Lecture 1 Flashcards
3 components of prevention
- Reducing of force
- Strengthening of body part
- screening of participants
Preventive medicine
promote health and well-being and prevent disease, disability and death.
Reduction of force
protective équipement, balanced opponents, taping, rules enforcement, facilities, technique development
strengthening of body parts
when, what strength vs endurance, how
Screening of participants
Why- determine if fit, establish athletes health
3 different types of preventative medicine
- Primary prevention
- secondary prevention
- tertiary prevention
Primary prevention
- before injury
- warm up
- stretching
- training
Secondary prevention
- After injury
- antibiotic
- rehab
- brace/taping
Tertiary prevention
- things we do when original function cannot be restored
- reduce long term impairment
- improve quality of life
importance of preparation
Decrease incidence and severity of injuries
how often, how serious
C.O= H.R x S.V
Cardiac output = heart rate x stroke volume.
Strength training
lv 1 : Isometric ( muscle contract but not move).
lv 2: concentric (shortening of muscle)
lv3: eccentric (lengthening of muscle)
Gross vs Fine motor skill
Gross: bigger muscle group
Fine: more detail
Open vs close skills
Open: environment is constantly changing and athlete has to react. e.g Soccer
Close: not influenced by others. E.g Golf, archery
Protective measures
absorbs energy
disperse energy
deflects
limits excess movement
6 essential nutrients
Protein Carbs Fats Vitamin minerals water
Macro nutrients
Protein
carbs
fat
Micro nutrients
minerals
vitamins
water
Role of nutrients
growth, repair, and maintenance of all tissues
regulate body process
provide energy
Protein
20-25%
4k cal /G
protein on own does not increase muscle mass
not primary source of fuel
extra consumed is burned as energy or stored as fat
Carbs
55% - 60%
4k cal/ G
most efficiently broken down and metabolized form energy.
broken down and stored as glycogen
fats
15-20%
9k cal/ G
most energy dense
primary fuel for moderate intensity exercise
Vitamins and minerals
not metabolized for energy
play key role in metabolism of carbs and fats
involved in building of muscle protein in reponse to training
Vitamin
ADEK - Fat soluble. excess stored in body fat.
BC- water soluble, excess is excreted in urine needs to be replenished
Mineral
20 diff minerals in Body in liver and bones
some mineral need 100mg daily (sodium, Ca, MG, S)
some need 20 mg daily( Fe zinc, Iodine,
water
used for digestion, temperature control, eliminating waste products, prevents dehydration
Hyperhydration : too much water
60% of body weight is water
Dehydration
decrease volume of blood circulating through the body
the amount of blood pumped w each heartbeat decrease
exercising muscle don’t get enough oxygen
byproducts are not flushed out
exhausting set in and athletes performance decreases.
signs/symptoms
Early: thirst, tiredness, headache, loss of appetite, dry mouth,
late: nausea, hot to touch, dizziness, lack of coordination, confusion, fainting
external heat disorder
cramping: excessive sweating with sodium/mineral loss
Heat exhaustion: prolonged period of fluid loss by activity in high temp
Heat stroke: failure of thermoregulatory system
sudden collapse, loss of consciousness, flushed, hot skin, shallow breathing, rapid pulse. core temp of 106 degrees or higher
joint types
Hinge saddle facet pivot gliding ball and socket
Fracture types
Open (bone sticking out vs closed simple) Transverse oblique comminuted spiral greenstick epiphyseal plate acute one action vs stress
yield point
elasticity of tissue can no longer hold back stress, mechanical failure.
Soft tissue injury repair
Acute inflammatory phase (0-72 hrs)
proliferation/repair phase (2 days - 6 weeks)
remodelling/ maturation phase (4-6 months)
inflammation
Rubor : increased blood flow(redness) calor: increased blood flow (heat) tumor : swelling dolor : pain function lease : loss of function
acute inflammatory phase
0 - 72 horus two primary component 1. Vascular events 2. Cellular events Vascular and cellular reactions are mediated by chemical mediators
Vascular events
changes in blood flow Vasoconstriction : blood vessel constrict for a brief period states increased blood viscosity. Vasodilation : increased blood flow and increased vascular permeability. 1. blood vessels decreases 2. blood gets sticky 3. clots 4. increase blood to injured area
Cellular events
initiated by chemical mediators Margination rolling adhesion migration -> chemotaxis
diapedesis
process of white blood cells moving through a vascular wall
Chemotaxis
Process of following chemical signals
Macrophages
eats away at damaged tissues.
inflammation terminology
itis means inflammation myositis : muscle inflammation arthritis : joints tendonitis: tendon bursitis : bursa vasculitis: blood vessel Dermatitis: skin
proliferation/repair phase
characterized by proliferation of capillaries ( neovascularization) and fibroblasts which synthesize granulation tissues aka scar tissue. collagen laid down in random fashion type 3 collagen Weak and susceptible to rein jury. Poorly vascularized & disorganized
Remodelling/maturation phase
4 weeks - long time
long term process that involve realignment/maturation of collagen fibre.
Myofibroblast: re-orient collagen fibrils in the direction of loading
parallel to line o tension type 3 turns to type 1
3 types of tissues
Labile : replace itself constantly (skin)
stable: smooth muscle, glands, connective tissues, lag phase
permanent: cardiac, skeletal muscle. Cannot region itself
types of skin wound
1st intention: easy small scar
2nd intention: bigger, irregular,
Factors that influence healing
location of wound extent of injury swelling hemooraghe poor vascular supply separation tissue muscle spasm atrophy infection
