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Lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are methods of gaining knowledge about truth and reality?

A

Epistemology

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2
Q

What are the four ways of establishing truth/reality?

A
  1. Faith
  2. Common sense
  3. Logic
  4. Scientific Method
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3
Q

Faith is beliefs based on?

A

Authority

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4
Q

What uses observable evidence, not the testimony of authorities?

A

Science

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5
Q

What are beliefs based on experience and sensory observations?

A

Common Sense

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6
Q

What are beliefs based on formal rules that lead to a conclusion that must be true if the premises are true?

A

Logic

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7
Q

What is a set of empirical analytical and self-critical techniques for establishing facts?

A

scientific method

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8
Q

What technique is based on collected data, measurements and observations?

A

Empirical

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9
Q

What technique is described as complex topics that are broken down into smaller components?

A

Analytical

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10
Q

The scientific method can be described as?

A 
Replicable
Generalizable
Parsimonious
Falsifiable
Dynamic/self correcting
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11
Q

What are the four types of research?

A

Exploratory
Descriptive
Correlational
Explanatory

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12
Q

What type of research develops knowledge in a new area and gets background information to develop new theories for later testing?

A

Exploratory

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13
Q

What type of research describes some behavior, situation or phenomenon?

A

Descriptive

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14
Q

What type of research determines variables that are related to each other or some behavior, situation, or phenomenon?

A

Correlational

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15
Q

Can you infer causation from correlational research?

A

NO

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16
Q

What type of research is used to explain phenomena or behaviors?

A

Explanatory

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17
Q

What type of research is conducted to test, evaluate, or develop theories?

A

Basic Research

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18
Q

What type of research is conducted to meet some practical need?

A

Applied Research

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19
Q

What type of research tries to optimize the interaction of humans and technology?

A

Human Factors Research

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20
Q

What type of research determines how well a program works and assesses needs?

A

Evaluation Research

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21
Q

What are the 2 approaches to research?

A

Ideographic

Nomothetic

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22
Q

What are underlying ststamatic ways that the world functions; the principles under which the universe operates?

A

Laws

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23
Q

What are devleoped to explain a behavior or phenomenon and tentatively try to determine laws; tentative statements of what we think law are?

A

Theories

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24
Q

What are broad models of how to view the world?

A

Paradigms

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25
What is an event that affects the likelihood of another occurring?
Soft Determinism (A sometimes causes B)
26
What event always lead to another?
Hard Determinism (A always causes B)
27
What type of reasoning goes from specific instances to general principles?
Inductive
28
What type of reasoning goes from general principles to specific instances?
Deductive
29
What type of reasoning is used to generate theories from observation?
Inductive
30
What type of reasoning is used to generate research hypotheses from general theories?
Deductive
31
What are qualities or quantities that differ between people, groups, or things?
Variables
32
What are qualities or quantities that do not differ?
Constants
33
What is the term for reducing complex variables to simpler, measurable units?
Reductionism
34
What is a clear statement of how a variable is defined in a study so others can understand how the variable was measured?
Operational Definition
35
What type of variable has an effect on another variable?
Independent Variable
36
What is the type of variable that is affected by the independent variable?
Dependent Variable
37
What variable has an effect on another variable?
IV
38
What type of IV are actively manipulated assigned or changed by researcher?
TRUE IV
39
What type of IV affect DV levels but are only measured not manipulated in a study?
Quasi-IV
40
The dependent variable is measured to see if what?
The IV has an effect.
41
What are the 3 major types of studies in psychology?
Descriptive Correlational Experimental
42
What type of study summarizes some behavior, situation or phenomenon?
Descriptive
43
What are the 3 major descriptive studies?
Case studies Archival Research Naturalistic Observation
44
What type of study examines the relations between naturally occurring variables?
Correlational
45
What type of study systematically evaluates the effect of the IV on the DV?
Experimental
46
What type of experimental study has a MANIPULATED IV?
True
47
What type of experimental study has a MEASURED IV?
Quasi
48
What is the first step in any study?
Literature reivew
49
What is a literature review?
Analysis of relevant published infomation
50
What is a small scale study that tests a procedure and materials to be used in a bigger study?
Pilot study
51
What do scales of measurement do?
describe how a variable was measured
52
What are the 4 scales of measurement?
Nominal Ordinal interval ratio
53
Nominal scale has no what?
Quantitative properties except IDENTITY*
54
All nominal scales measure what?
Categorical or qualitative data with no meaning to the order.
55
What are examples of nominal data?
``` Team jersey numbers channels on tv ethnicity phone numbers sex ```
56
Ordinal scale of measurement is what?
Quantitative but can be used for rank ordering
57
In ordinal scale the distance between what is not the same?
Categories
58
Ordinal data tells you what?
Identity and order but NOT magnitude
59
Examples of ordinal data include?
Finsihing places of race | Rank top 10 foods
60
What scale of measurement has the math properties of identity and order?
Interval scale of measurement
61
Interval has what properties?
Identity, order, and magnitude
62
In interval data the difference between what is meaningful?
Numbers
63
How are variables measured with interval data?
Continuous or quantitative
64
Interval data lacks what property?
Has no absolute/true zero (negative is ok)
65
Examples of interval data include?
Temperature | Intelligence
66
In this course we assume that psychological measures or constructs are?
Interval/scale
67
What scale of measurement has properties of identity, order, and magnitude and an absolute zero point(can't be negative)?
Ratio
68
Ratio variables are classified as?
Continuous
69
What are examples of ratio data?
Height/distance Weight Scores on midterm
70
What are the 2 major classes of variables in psychology?
Qualitative | Quantitative
71
Qualitiative variables represent what?
Groups or categories (all nominal variables)
72
Qualitative variables are classified as
Categorical/discrete
73
Quantitative variables represent what?
properties that follow along a continuum.
74
What types of variables are quantitative?
Ratio Interval Ordinal

Stats Midterm (6 decks)

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