Lecture 1

Question 1

What are the 3 prongs of Evidence Based Practice

Answer 1

EPM is a conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients.

evidence based practice - a combination of research evidence, clinical experience, and patient values and preferences (3 prongs)

Question 2

define fully informed patient in EBP/EPM

Answer 2

make sure that we are educating our patients, our clients, and their families, on the different assessments and treatments that we’re choosing and then see what their preferences are

Question 3

what is the three-prong evidence-based practice method

Answer 3

external evidence, (objective empirical research)
clinical evidence,
(and then) patient preferences.

Question 4

what is competency?

Answer 4

It’s our knowledge of what works, what doesn’t work. We can inform that knowledge by looking at research evidence by considering our clinical expertise. And we should be using all of these resources that we have at our disposal to do this.

Question 5

what is reliability (measurement)

Answer 5

the degree of stability or consistency in measurements

if the same individuals are measured under the same conditions, a reliable measurement procedure will produce identical (or nearly) measurements

Question 6

what is validity

Answer 6

the degree to which the measurement process measures the variable it claims to measure

Question 7

give an example of INFORMAL RESEARCH

Answer 7

taking data in my mind about what’s working and what’s not working.
This is part of the scientific process -> using observations.
within the clinical setting.- INFORMAL RESEARCH

Question 8

examples of biases in research and critical evaluation

Answer 8

the reseach authors want us to think a certain way

conflict of interest - developers might want the device to wrok a certain way for the treatment to be succssful

our clinical evidence - May have been using a particular treatment approach for many years, we might be biased towards that treatment approach, even if the current well controlled studies do not support the efficacy of that.

Question 9

which step of the scientific method involves inductive reasoning? What is inductive reasoning?

Answer 9

step 1 - observe

inductive reasoning is the idea that you’re using a relatively small set of observations to make general conclusions.
Inductive reasoning is a top down approach. ▲
a very small set of observations that we’re then trying to make general statements about regarding larger sets of observations.

Question 10

what is step 2 of the scientific method?

Answer 10

form a tentative explanation of that observation.

Hypothesis - is a tentative answer that is intended to be tested and critically evaluated

Question 11

what step in the scientific method involves identifying variables. Define variable.

Answer 11

step 2 - form a tentative explanation of that observation (hypothesis)

making a hypothesis about the relationship between different variables

A variable:
is a characteristic or condition that can change or have different values. So it can vary. That’s why it’s called a variable.
characteristic or condition that can have different values.

Question 12

what is step 3 of the scientific method

Answer 12

Step 3 - applying hypothesis to generate a testable prediction

Question 13

what step in the scientific method involves deductive reasoning? define deductive reasoning

Answer 13

Step 3 - applying a hypothesis to generate a testable prediction

Deductive reasoning - uses general statement as the basis for reaching a conclusion about specific examples

deductive reasoning is more of a kind of bottom up. ▼

we’re trying to reach conclusions about specific examples.

Question 14

what step in the scientific method does data collection occur?

Answer 14

Step 4 - evaluate the prediction with systematic planned observations

actual research or data collection phase

it involves careful, planned, controlled observations.

the goal is to provide a fair, unbiased test of our hypothesis using these planned, controlled observations.

Question 15

what nonscientific method of acquiring knowledge does step 4 of the SM use

Answer 15

the empirical method

Step 4 - evaluate the prediction with systematic planned observations

Empirical method - answering questions or obtaining knowledge by direct observation or personal experience.

observations are empirical.

Question 16

what does the SM use structured observations

Answer 16

The observations are structured so that the results either will provide clear support for the hypothesis or will clearly refute the hypothesis

Question 17

why is it important for science to be public

Answer 17

our observations, our conclusions to be visible to others in the field, for other people to replicate our study, which shows reliability.

Question 18

what are the 6 sections of the research paper

Answer 18

abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, references

Question 19

describe the abstract section of a research article

Answer 19

a summary of the entire study that’s being published.

Question 20

describe the introduction section of a research article

Answer 20

where the authors identify their questions, their hypotheses, and then kind of walk the reader through how they came up with those hypotheses and those research questions.

review prior studies,

talk about limitations of prior studies or further extensions of prior studies.

justifying why they hypotheses that they do have

starts very broad, the research paper → talking about all of the research that has been done about this particular topic under study.

Question 21

describe the methods sections of a research paper

Answer 21

has many subsections:
1st section → participant section,
where the authors would describe the individuals who are in their sample, the people who participated in the study –> demographic descriptions

2nd section → Instruments, methods, or task section
where the authors describe what instruments they used

3rd section → Procedure section
walks the reader through exactly what was done in what order to complete the study
May include an analysis subsection of the methods

Extremely important for the method section to be highly detailed

Question 22

describe the results section of a research paper

Answer 22

This is the number section

statistical results

Question 23

describe the discussion section of a research paper

Answer 23

discuss the results obtained by researchers

discuss the results that we’ve obtained in the context of previous literature, in the context of our own observations, as well as in the context of limitations.

draw conclusions from our results in this section

identify limitations and discuss future directions of research.

Question 24

describe the references section of a research paper

Answer 24

find references that were discussed throughout the paper or other research articles that were discussed throughout the introduction and the discussion sections of the paper.

Question 25

What are four major ethical concerns/issues with research?

Answer 25

no harm - benefits should outweigh risks

obtain informed consent

use of deception and debriefing

confidentiality & anonymity

Question 26

you can not have validity without reliability (true or false)

Answer 26

true

in order for something to be valid (accuracy) you must also have reliability (consistency)

Question 27

what is test-retest reliability:

Answer 27

consistency of scores when administered on multiple occasion