Lecture 1 Flashcards
What are the 3 prongs of Evidence Based Practice
EPM is a conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients.
evidence based practice - a combination of research evidence, clinical experience, and patient values and preferences (3 prongs)
define fully informed patient in EBP/EPM
make sure that we are educating our patients, our clients, and their families, on the different assessments and treatments that we’re choosing and then see what their preferences are
what is the three-prong evidence-based practice method
external evidence, (objective empirical research)
clinical evidence,
(and then) patient preferences.
what is competency?
It’s our knowledge of what works, what doesn’t work. We can inform that knowledge by looking at research evidence by considering our clinical expertise. And we should be using all of these resources that we have at our disposal to do this.
what is reliability (measurement)
the degree of stability or consistency in measurements
if the same individuals are measured under the same conditions, a reliable measurement procedure will produce identical (or nearly) measurements
what is validity
the degree to which the measurement process measures the variable it claims to measure
give an example of INFORMAL RESEARCH
taking data in my mind about what’s working and what’s not working.
This is part of the scientific process -> using observations.
within the clinical setting.- INFORMAL RESEARCH
examples of biases in research and critical evaluation
the reseach authors want us to think a certain way
conflict of interest - developers might want the device to wrok a certain way for the treatment to be succssful
our clinical evidence - May have been using a particular treatment approach for many years, we might be biased towards that treatment approach, even if the current well controlled studies do not support the efficacy of that.
which step of the scientific method involves inductive reasoning? What is inductive reasoning?
step 1 - observe
inductive reasoning is the idea that you’re using a relatively small set of observations to make general conclusions.
Inductive reasoning is a top down approach. ▲
a very small set of observations that we’re then trying to make general statements about regarding larger sets of observations.
what is step 2 of the scientific method?
form a tentative explanation of that observation.
Hypothesis - is a tentative answer that is intended to be tested and critically evaluated
what step in the scientific method involves identifying variables. Define variable.
step 2 - form a tentative explanation of that observation (hypothesis)
making a hypothesis about the relationship between different variables
A variable:
is a characteristic or condition that can change or have different values. So it can vary. That’s why it’s called a variable.
characteristic or condition that can have different values.
what is step 3 of the scientific method
Step 3 - applying hypothesis to generate a testable prediction
what step in the scientific method involves deductive reasoning? define deductive reasoning
Step 3 - applying a hypothesis to generate a testable prediction
Deductive reasoning - uses general statement as the basis for reaching a conclusion about specific examples
deductive reasoning is more of a kind of bottom up. ▼
we’re trying to reach conclusions about specific examples.
what step in the scientific method does data collection occur?
Step 4 - evaluate the prediction with systematic planned observations
actual research or data collection phase
it involves careful, planned, controlled observations.
the goal is to provide a fair, unbiased test of our hypothesis using these planned, controlled observations.
what nonscientific method of acquiring knowledge does step 4 of the SM use
the empirical method
Step 4 - evaluate the prediction with systematic planned observations
Empirical method - answering questions or obtaining knowledge by direct observation or personal experience.
observations are empirical.
what does the SM use structured observations
The observations are structured so that the results either will provide clear support for the hypothesis or will clearly refute the hypothesis
why is it important for science to be public
our observations, our conclusions to be visible to others in the field, for other people to replicate our study, which shows reliability.
what are the 6 sections of the research paper
abstract, introduction, methods, results, discussion, references
describe the abstract section of a research article
a summary of the entire study that’s being published.
describe the introduction section of a research article
where the authors identify their questions, their hypotheses, and then kind of walk the reader through how they came up with those hypotheses and those research questions.
review prior studies,
talk about limitations of prior studies or further extensions of prior studies.
justifying why they hypotheses that they do have
starts very broad, the research paper → talking about all of the research that has been done about this particular topic under study.
describe the methods sections of a research paper
has many subsections:
1st section → participant section,
where the authors would describe the individuals who are in their sample, the people who participated in the study –> demographic descriptions
2nd section → Instruments, methods, or task section
where the authors describe what instruments they used
3rd section → Procedure section
walks the reader through exactly what was done in what order to complete the study
May include an analysis subsection of the methods
Extremely important for the method section to be highly detailed
describe the results section of a research paper
This is the number section
statistical results
describe the discussion section of a research paper
discuss the results obtained by researchers
discuss the results that we’ve obtained in the context of previous literature, in the context of our own observations, as well as in the context of limitations.
draw conclusions from our results in this section
identify limitations and discuss future directions of research.
describe the references section of a research paper
find references that were discussed throughout the paper or other research articles that were discussed throughout the introduction and the discussion sections of the paper.
What are four major ethical concerns/issues with research?
no harm - benefits should outweigh risks
obtain informed consent
use of deception and debriefing
confidentiality & anonymity
you can not have validity without reliability (true or false)
true
in order for something to be valid (accuracy) you must also have reliability (consistency)
what is test-retest reliability:
consistency of scores when administered on multiple occasion