Chapter 4 textbook

Question 1

Nuremberg Code

Answer 1

a set of 10 guidelines for the ethical treatment of human participants in research; created post WWII in response to Nazi treatment of humans in research

Question 2

Milgram’s obedience study

Answer 2

example of research not following Nuremberg Code; fake electric shocks to punish individuals giving incorrect answers, behavioral study on how the participants will follow authority

Question 3

Belmont Report

Answer 3

summarizes the basic ethical principles used as the foundation for federal regulations for protecting human participants

Question 4

What is informed consent and the components?

Answer 4

informed consent is that participants should be given complete info about the research and their roles in it before agreeing (informed decision) to participate

voluntary participation

providing purpose of research, right to decline at anytime, foreseeable factors that may influence willingness to participate, research benefits, incentives for participation

Question 5

What is confidentiality and the 2 strategies

Answer 5

the practice of keeping strictly secret and private info on the individual during the study

1. no names or identifiers appear on data records
2. use a coding system to track participant data

Question 6

What is the purpose/responsibilities of Institutional Review Board?

Answer 6

reviews research involving human participants; examines all proposed research with respect to safe treatment

Question 7

What are the major elements of the APA Ethical guidelines for subjects? (nonhuman participants)

Answer 7

qualified individuals must conduct research

research must be justified

researcher must be responsible for minimizing discomfort or harm

Question 8

What is fraud?

Answer 8

the explicit effort of a researcher to falsify or misrepresent data

Question 9

What are the safeguards against fraud?

Answer 9

replication is a repetition of research study using the same basic procedures used in the original. Either the replication supports the original study by duplicating the original results or it casts doubt on the original study by demonstrating that the original result is not easily repeated

Question 10

What is plagiarism?

Answer 10

the unethical representation of someone else’s ideas or words as one’s own

Question 11

How do you avoid unintentional plagiarism?

Answer 11

take complete notes including citation

identify sources of any idea, words or info that is not your own

identify any direct quotes by using “”

use your own word instead of paraphrasing or use direct quotes

include references

when in doubt cite the source

Question 12

What are the 2 basic categories of ethical responsibility?

Answer 12

1. responsibility to ensure welfare and dignity of individuals (subjects and participants)
2. responsibility to ensure that public reports of their research are accurate and honest

Question 13

Tuskegee study

Answer 13

example of research not following Nuremberg Code; 400 men with syphilis left untreated even though penicillin was available

Question 14

what are the 3 basic principles of the Belmont Report?

Answer 14

1. consent - respect for persons requires consent to participate and children/prisoners/diminished abilities need to be protected;
2. beneficence - no harm to participants, minimize risks and maximize possible benefits
3. justice requires fairness in procedures for selecting participants

Question 15

what are the 4 major ethical concerns/issues with research?

Answer 15

no harm - benefits should outweigh risks

obtain informed consent

use of deception and debriefing

confidentiality & anonymity

Question 16

Name several places where you can search for peer-reviewed articles:

Answer 16

Pubmed
ASHA Wire
NYU library