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Pharmacology > Lecture # 08_Fall > Flashcards

Lecture # 08_Fall Flashcards

1
Q

The Autonomic Nervous System regulates ___, ____, ___, and ___ function.

A

cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, visceral and gland function

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2
Q

What are the two divisions of the ANS?

A

Smypathetic Nervous System (the adrenergic system) and Parasympathetic Nervous System (the cholinergic system)

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3
Q

Which nerve transmits sensory input from the thoracic and abdominal organs?

A

the vagus nerve (CN X)

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4
Q

Most actions of the ANS are ______.

A

Involuntary

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5
Q

List the 8 things regulated by the ANS

A

HR, BP, GI system, temp, hunger, thirst, osmolarity, gland secretions

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6
Q

The peripheral ANS is the _____ component of the system.

A

Efferent (motor)

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7
Q

How do neurons of the Peripheral ANS differ from somatic neurons?

A

Autonomic: two-neuron unit - 1st neuron from CNS –> ganglion (myelinated) and 2nd neuron from ganglion –> target organ (unmyelinated)

Somatic: single myelinated axon with cell body in spinal cord

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8
Q

T or F. Both SNS and PNS are tonically active?

A

True. They have baseline activity that can increase or decrease - More than one way to accomplish an effect with precision

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9
Q

Which system is the “FIGHT OR FLIGHT” system?

A

Sympathetic Nervous System (SNS) = Adrenergic = “FIGHT OR FLIGHT”

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10
Q

Which system is know as the “REST & DIGEST” system?

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System (PNS) = Cholinergic = “REST & DIGEST”

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11
Q

Which system is also known as the cranio-sacral system? Why?

A

PNS because the pre-ganglionic neurons originate in brainstem or sacral segments of spinal cord

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12
Q

What is the Ratio of pre- : post-ganglionic fibers in the SNS?

A

1:20

Post-ganglionic fibers originate in sympathetic ganglion –> effector tissues - they travel within spinal nerves and outnumber pre-ganglionic fibers by 20-30:1

Concurrent stimulation of many organs at once = mass sympathetic discharge

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13
Q

Which system is also known as thoraco-lumbar system? Why?

A

SNS because their pre-ganglionic fibers (T1–L3) originate from spinal cord –> sympathetic ganglia

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14
Q

What are the 3 endogenous catecholamines?

A

Epi, NE, and Dopamine

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15
Q

Adrenal stimulation leads to release of what 2 catecholamines?

A

Epi (80%) and NE (20%)

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16
Q

Which catecholamine acts as a CNS neurotransmitter?

A

Dopamine

17
Q

_____ is synthesized and stored in the adrenal medulla

A

Epi

18
Q

T or F. Systemic catecholamines do not cross the BBB.

A

True.

19
Q

What are sympathomimetics?

A

Drugs that act like catecholamines but have a different structure

20
Q

Almost all endogenous ___ undergoes re-uptake into the pre-synaptic terminal and can then be metabolized by ____.

A

NE, Monoamine oxidase (MAO)

21
Q

Where are circulating catecholamines (NE + Epi) metabolized?

A

in the liver and kidney

22
Q

What metabolizes circulating catecholamines in the liver and kidneys? What is the metabolite?

A

Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), Metabolite is vanillylmandelic acid

23
Q

What is used in the diagnosis of a pheochromocytoma?

A

vanillylmandelic acid

24
Q

What is the rate limiting step in the synthesis of Epi shown below?

Phenylalanine -> Tyrosine −*-> DOPA -> DA -> NE -> Epi

A

*Tyrosine hydroxylase = rate-limiting step

25
Q

___ is synthesized and stored in post-ganglionic neurons and adrenal medulla

A

NE

26
Q

Which catecholamine is released at the effector tissues in the PNS?

A

Ach

27
Q

What are the two types of cholinergic receptors?

A

Nicotinic and Muscarinic

28
Q

Where are nicotinic receptors located at?

A

On cell bodies of all post-ganglionic neurons, within ganglia of both SNS and PNS

Neuromuscular junction also has n-ACh-R - Blocked by non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents

29
Q

Where are muscarinic receptors found?

A

On cell membranes of effector tissues - also on pre-synaptic membrane of sympathetic (SNS) nerve terminals ( Stimulation -> inhibits release of NE)

30
Q

____ is a prototype muscarinic blocker ->sympathomimetic activity

A

Atropine

31
Q

____ is the first choice for bradyarrhythmias

A

atropine

32
Q

T or F. Atropine can cross the BBB.

A

True

Pharmacology (22 decks)

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