LECTURE 03: GENETICS Flashcards
WHATS TRANSMISSION GENETICS?
classical genetics, transmission genetics focuses on how traits and characteristics are passed from one generation to the next through inheritance patterns.
MOLECULAR GENETICS
This field studies the molecular structure and function of genes, including how genes are regulated, expressed, and inherited at the molecular level
BIOCHEMISTRY
the study of chemical processes within and related to living organisms. It combines aspects of biology and chemistry to understand cellular processes and the molecular basis of life.
CELL BIOLOGY
study of the structure, function, and behavior of cells. It examines cellular processes, interactions, and the role of cells in health and disease.
PHYSIOLOGY
he study of the functions and mechanisms in living organisms. It encompasses how different systems work together to maintain homeostasis.
(e.g., circulatory, respiratory)
GENOMICS
study of the complete set of genes in an organism, including their interactions, structure, and function. It often involves high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics.
MENDELIAN GENETICS
based on the principles established by Gregor Mendel. Focuses on the inheritance of traits and how they are determined by discrete units called genes.
CHARACTER
an attribute of an organisms
ex: flower colours
TRAITS
a specific vale of a character
ex: purple flowers
PHENOTYPE
all observable properties of an organism.
all descriptive aspects that can be seen.
GENOTYPE
the genetic makeup of an organism; the genetic instructions.
cannot be observed.
DOMINANT ALLELE
The allele thats expressed, determines the phenotype, when it’s present in the same organism as a recessive allele.
RECESSIVE ALLELE
the allele that isn’t expressed when present in the same individual as a dominant allele.
HOMOZYGOTE
an individual that carries two identical alleles of a certain gene
HETEROZYGOTE
an individual that carries two different alleles of a certain gene
MENDEL’S PRINCIPLE OF SEGREGATION
during the formation of gametes, two alleles for a trait segregate from each other.
resulting in each gamete carrying one allele for each gene.
MONOHYBRID CROSS
a sexual cross between the two true breeding varieties that differ with respect to the traits of one character.
TRUE BREEDING
sexual reproduction that produces offspring with inherited identical traits, same as the parents.
P, F1, F2 Generations
P Generation: the parental generation in a genetic cross
F1 Generation: The first filial generation, consisting of offspring from the P generation.
F2 Generation: The second filial generation, consisting of offspring from the F1 generation.
GENOTYPIC RATIO
Genotypic ratios represent the relative proportions of different genotypes in the offspring of a genetic cross.
PHENOTYPIC RATIO
Phenotypic ratios represent the relative proportions of different phenotypes in the offspring of a genetic cross.
Particulate Inheritance
The concept that traits are inherited as discrete units (genes) rather than as blended traits, as proposed by Mendel.
INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE
A form of inheritance in which neither allele is completely dominant, resulting in a phenotype that is a blend of the two alleles
(e.g., red and white flowers producing pink flowers).
Multiple Alleles
A situation in which a gene has more than two alleles in a population, leading to various possible phenotypes
E.G blood type in humans
IA, IB, ii
