LECTURE 03: GENETICS

Question 1

WHATS TRANSMISSION GENETICS?

Answer 1

classical genetics, transmission genetics focuses on how traits and characteristics are passed from one generation to the next through inheritance patterns.

Question 2

MOLECULAR GENETICS

Answer 2

This field studies the molecular structure and function of genes, including how genes are regulated, expressed, and inherited at the molecular level

Question 3

BIOCHEMISTRY

Answer 3

the study of chemical processes within and related to living organisms. It combines aspects of biology and chemistry to understand cellular processes and the molecular basis of life.

Question 4

CELL BIOLOGY

Answer 4

study of the structure, function, and behavior of cells. It examines cellular processes, interactions, and the role of cells in health and disease.

Question 5

PHYSIOLOGY

Answer 5

he study of the functions and mechanisms in living organisms. It encompasses how different systems work together to maintain homeostasis.

(e.g., circulatory, respiratory)

Question 6

GENOMICS

Answer 6

study of the complete set of genes in an organism, including their interactions, structure, and function. It often involves high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics.

Question 7

MENDELIAN GENETICS

Answer 7

based on the principles established by Gregor Mendel. Focuses on the inheritance of traits and how they are determined by discrete units called genes.

Question 8

CHARACTER

Answer 8

an attribute of an organisms

ex: flower colours

Question 9

TRAITS

Answer 9

a specific vale of a character

ex: purple flowers

Question 10

PHENOTYPE

Answer 10

all observable properties of an organism.

all descriptive aspects that can be seen.

Question 11

GENOTYPE

Answer 11

the genetic makeup of an organism; the genetic instructions.

cannot be observed.

Question 12

DOMINANT ALLELE

Answer 12

The allele thats expressed, determines the phenotype, when it’s present in the same organism as a recessive allele.

Question 13

RECESSIVE ALLELE

Answer 13

the allele that isn’t expressed when present in the same individual as a dominant allele.

Question 14

HOMOZYGOTE

Answer 14

an individual that carries two identical alleles of a certain gene

Question 15

HETEROZYGOTE

Answer 15

an individual that carries two different alleles of a certain gene

Question 16

MENDEL’S PRINCIPLE OF SEGREGATION

Answer 16

during the formation of gametes, two alleles for a trait segregate from each other.

resulting in each gamete carrying one allele for each gene.

Question 17

MONOHYBRID CROSS

Answer 17

a sexual cross between the two true breeding varieties that differ with respect to the traits of one character.

Question 18

TRUE BREEDING

Answer 18

sexual reproduction that produces offspring with inherited identical traits, same as the parents.

Question 19

P, F1, F2 Generations

Answer 19

P Generation: the parental generation in a genetic cross

F1 Generation: The first filial generation, consisting of offspring from the P generation.

F2 Generation: The second filial generation, consisting of offspring from the F1 generation.

Question 20

GENOTYPIC RATIO

Answer 20

Genotypic ratios represent the relative proportions of different genotypes in the offspring of a genetic cross.

Question 21

PHENOTYPIC RATIO

Answer 21

Phenotypic ratios represent the relative proportions of different phenotypes in the offspring of a genetic cross.

Question 22

Particulate Inheritance

Answer 22

The concept that traits are inherited as discrete units (genes) rather than as blended traits, as proposed by Mendel.

Question 23

INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE

Answer 23

A form of inheritance in which neither allele is completely dominant, resulting in a phenotype that is a blend of the two alleles

(e.g., red and white flowers producing pink flowers).

Question 24

Multiple Alleles

Answer 24

A situation in which a gene has more than two alleles in a population, leading to various possible phenotypes

E.G blood type in humans
IA, IB, ii

Question 25

Pleiotropy

Answer 25

phenomenon where a single gene affects multiple traits or phenotypic characteristics.

Question 26

polygenic Inheritance

Answer 26

A form of inheritance in which multiple genes contribute to a single trait, resulting in a continuous range of phenotypes

e.g skin color, height

Question 27

Independent Assortment of Homologues

Answer 27

Mendel’s principle stating that alleles for different traits are distributed to gametes independently of one another during meiosis.

Question 28

Linked Genes

Answer 28

Genes that are located close to each other on the same chromosome and tend to be inherited together due to reduced recombination.

Question 29

Recombination Frequency

Answer 29

The frequency at which recombination occurs between two genes during meiosis, used to map the distance between genes on a chromosome.

Question 30

Genetic Mapping

Answer 30

The process of determining the location and distance between genes on a chromosome using recombination frequencies.

Question 31

Genes and Proteins

Answer 31

Genes encode instructions for making proteins, which perform most of the functions in a cell. The relationship between genes and proteins is central to the study of genetics and molecular biology.