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BIOL 150 > LECTURE 02: MITOSIS, MEIOSIS, AND SEXUAL LIFE CYCLES > Flashcards

LECTURE 02: MITOSIS, MEIOSIS, AND SEXUAL LIFE CYCLES Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT ARE CHROMOSOMES MADE UP OF ?

A

50% DNA 50% PROTEINS

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2
Q

WHAT IS A CHROMOSOME ?

A

thread-like structure composed of DNA and proteins that carries genetic information.

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3
Q

WHATS THE CORRELATION BETWEEN THE SIZE OF THE CHROMOSOME AND GENES ?

A

The size of the chromosomes depict how many genes per chromosome.

100s - 1000s of genes per chromosome.

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4
Q

WHAT IS A HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOME ?

A

pairs of chromosomes, carry the same genes but may vary in alleles

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5
Q

DESCRIBE WHAT AN ALLELE IS

A

specific different traits in an organism

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6
Q

WHICH CELLS DO NOT HAVE HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES ?

A

Gametes, mostly haploid cells.

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7
Q

MATERNAL AND PATERNAL HOMOLOGUES

A

In a homologous chromosome, each chromosome came from the parents.

One chromosome from mother and one from father.

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8
Q

What is a Karyotype ?

A

a photograph of cells chromosomes arranged in order of descending size.

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9
Q

WHY IS IT USED AND WHERE ?

A

Often used in the medical field to look for chromosomes abnormalities

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10
Q

WHAT IS BRANDING AND HOW DOES IT CORRELATE TO KARYOTYPES ?

A

In order to get see the difference in the chromosomes in a karyotype. Branding must be done to the chromosome.

Usage of dye to determine the difference in chromosomes.

Patterns arise from the dyes, producing specific characteristics.

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11
Q

WHAT THREE MAIN PROCESSES ARE IN THE CELL CYCLE ?

A
  1. INTERPHASE
  2. M(IOTIC) PHASE
  3. CYTOKINESIS
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12
Q

HOW MANY SUB-PHASES ARE IN INTERPHASE AND WHAT ARE THEY CALLED ?

A
  1. G1 Phase
  2. S Phase (DNA synthesis)
  3. G2 Phase
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13
Q

WHAT HAPPENS DURING G1 PHASE ?

A

The cell grows and carries out normal metabolic functions.

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14
Q

WHAT IS S PHASE ?

A

DNA synthesis, replication of chromosomes are done during this phase. Resulting in two sister chromatids for each chromosomes.

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15
Q

WHAT HAPPENS DURING G2 ?

A

During this phase the cell is preparing for mitosis. Growing and proteins.

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16
Q

WHAT IS M PHASE ?

A

Mitosis occurs during this phase. Where the cell divides it’s duplicated cells (from s phase) into two daughter. cells

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17
Q

HOW DOES CYTOKINESIS AFFECT THE CELL ?

A

often considered part of M phase but is a unique process where the cytoplasm of the cell gets divided into two.

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18
Q

CYTOKINESIS IN AN ANIMAL CELL

A

A cleavage furrow forms pinching the cell, pinching the cell separating in two.

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19
Q

CYTOKINESIS IN PLANT CELLS

A

A cell plate forms in the middle of the cell, resulting in a cell wall.

cells does not separate in two.

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20
Q

WHAT ARE THE PHASES IN MITOSIS ?

A
  1. PROPHASE
  2. METAPHASE
    3, ANAPHASE
  3. TELOPHASE
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21
Q

WHAT HAPPENS DURING PROPHASE ?

A

Chromosomes condense and become visible, the nuclear envelope breaks down

Mitotic spindles begin to form.

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22
Q

WHAT HAPPENS DURING METAPHASE ?

A

Chromosomes align at the metaphase plate, and spindle fibres attach to the centromeres

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23
Q

WHAT HAPPENS DURING ANAPHASE ?

A

Sister chromatids are pulled apart and move toward opposite poles of the cell.

24
Q

WHAT HAPPENS DURING TELOPHASE ?

A

Chromatids reach the poles, the nuclear envelope reforms around each set of chromosomes.

Chromosomes begin to decondense.

25
Q

WHAT DOES MOTHER CELL REFER TO ?

A

Mother cell is a term used to describe a cell that undergoes cell division.

26
Q

WHAT DOES DAUGHTER CELLS REFER TO ?

A

Daughter cells is a term used to describe the products of cell division.

27
Q

WHAT IS DNA SYNTHESIS ?

A

The processes of creating a new DNA strand from nucleotides.

28
Q

WHEN DOES DNA SYNTHESIS OCCUR ?

A

During S phase.

29
Q

HOW DOES CHROMOSOMAL DUPLICATION WORK ?

A

A chromosome is replicated resulting in two sister chromatids that are joined at the centromere

30
Q

WHAT ARE SISTER CHROMATIDS ?

A

identical copies of a single chromosome that’s formed.

31
Q

WHAT ARE CENTROMERES ?

A

a vital structure that ensures the proper separation of the sister chromatids.

spindle fibres are attached to the centromeres.

32
Q

WHAT IS NUCLEAR ENVELOPE DISINTEGRATION

A

breakdown of the nuclear envelope, a double membrane structure that surrounds the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

33
Q

WHY DOES NUCLEAR ENVELOPE DISINTEGRATION MATTER ?

A

a critical event during the cell cycle, particularly during mitosis and meiosis.

34
Q

WHAT ARE MITOIC SPINDLES ?

A

specialized structures formed during mitosis.

essential for the segregation of chromosomes into daughter cells

35
Q

WHAT’S CHROMOSOME CONDENSATION ?

A

vital process that prepares chromatin for cell division.

chromatin fibres become highly compacted and organized into distinct, visible structures during cell division.

36
Q

WHAT IS KINETOCHORE ?

A

A protein complex that forms at the centromere of a chromosome during cell division.

37
Q

HOW DO SISTER CHROMATIDS SEPARATE ?

A

Chromosomes are manipulated by mitotic spindles to line up on the metaphase plate.

During segregation of the chromosomes the mitotic spindles will manipulate the sister chromatids to move to opposite poles of the cells

37
Q

WHERE IS THE METAPHASE PLATE OF A CELL ?

A

In the middle of the cell, isn’t a physical object.

38
Q

WHY DO CHROMOSOMES DE-CONDENSE ?

A

chromosomes unwind and return to a less compact form.

39
Q

WHY IS CHROMOSOME DECONDENSATION IMPORTANT ?

A

essential for the proper functioning of the cell and is crucial for gene expression and DNA replication.

40
Q

WHAT PHASE DOES CHROMOSOME DECONDENSATION OCCUR ?

A

Occurs during telophase of meiosis and mitosis.

41
Q

WHAT IS A CLEAVAGE FURROW ?

A

animal cells have cleavage furrows that’s like a string tat squeezes the cell to split in two.

42
Q

WHAT’S A CELL PLATE ?

A

a structure that is formed during cytokinesis specifically in plant cells.

acts as preparation for a new cell wall to form, separating the cells.

43
Q

WHAT ARE UNICELLULAR ORGANISMS ?

A

living entities that consist of a single cell, performing all functions necessary for life within that one cell.

44
Q

WHAT ARE EMBRYONIC CELLS ?

A

Cells that are derived from the early stages of an embryo.

Crucial for the formation of all tissues and organs in an organism.

45
Q

WHAT ARE STEM CELLS AND WHY ARE THEY DIFFERENT FROM OTHER CELLS ?

A

unique type of undifferentiated cell that have the ability to develop into various specialized cell types.

they differ significantly in their characteristics, functions, and roles in the body.

46
Q

WHAT DOES REPAIR DIVISION MEAN ?

A

processes by which cells repair damaged tissues or regenerate lost cells.

47
Q

WHAT’S A COENOCYTE ?

A

A type of cell that contains multiple nuclei within a single cytoplasmic mass.

formed by the the fusion of multiple cells.

48
Q

WHAT IS A DIPLOID CELL ?

A

contains 2 complete sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from each parent.

49
Q

WHAT IS REDUCTIONAL DIVISION ?

A

A type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half.

resulting in daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.

key feature of meiosis

50
Q

WHAT IS MEIOSIS ?

A

a cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half.

resulting in the formation haploid gametes from a diploid parent cell.

51
Q

WHY IS MEIOSIS IMPORTANT ?

A

its crucial for sexual reproduction and contributes to genetic diversity.

52
Q

WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEIOSIS 1 AND MEIOSIS II

A

Meiosis I is a reductional division, whereas meiosis II is an equational division.

53
Q

WHAT OCCURS DURING MEIOSIS I

(reductional division)

A

PROPHASE I = CHROMOSOMES CONDENSE and become visible.

METAPHASE I = Tetrads ALIGN at the metaphase plate, spindle fibers attach to the homologous chromosomes

ANAPHASE I = homologous chromosomes are SEPARATED (pull apart) to opposite poles of the cell, reduces the chromosome number by half.

TELOPHASE I AND CYTOKINESIS = The nuclear envelope may form around the separated chromosomes. Cytokinesis causes the cell to divide, resulting into two daughter cells.

54
Q

WHAT OCCURS DURING MEIOSIS II

(equational division)

A

PROPHASE II = CHROMOSOMES CONDENSE again and the spindles form

METAPHASE II = Chromosomes ALIGN along the metaphase plate.

ANAPHASE II = sister chromatids SEPARATE and move to opposite poles of the cell

TELOPHASE I AND CYTOKINESIS = The nuclear envelope may form around the separated chromosomes.
Cytokinesis occurs, resulting in a total of four haploid gametes.

BIOL 150 (6 decks)

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