Lecture 02: Mutations Flashcards

1
Q

what is mutation?

A

changes in the sequence of the DNA

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2
Q

in eukaryotes, mutations can occur in: ________ and _________

A

somatic and germline cells

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3
Q

types of mutation

A
  • according to size
  • effect on gene function
  • effect on DNA
  • effect on protein
  • direction
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4
Q

what are the types of mutation according to size?

A
  • point
  • segmental
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5
Q

types of mutation that has an effect on gene function

A
  • loss of function
  • gain of function
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6
Q

type of mutation that has an effect on DNA

A
  • structural
  • spatial
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7
Q

what is structural mutation?

A

change in nucleotide content

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8
Q

different DNA structural mutation

A
  • substitution
  • deletion
  • insertion
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9
Q

types of substitution mutation

A
  • transition
  • transversion
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10
Q

which type of substitution mutation is more usual in nature?

A

transition

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11
Q

types of DNA spatial mutation

A
  • inversion
  • translocation
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12
Q

it is the inability to clot blood

A

Hemophilia

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13
Q

in what clotting factor are Hemophilia A and B deficient in?

A

VIII and IX respectively

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14
Q

types of mutations that have an effect on protein

A
  • silent
  • nonsense
  • missense
  • neutral
  • frameshift
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15
Q

what is nonsense protein mutation?

A

normal codon to a stop codon

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16
Q

what is missense protein mutation?

A

change in amino acid that changes protein function

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17
Q

sickle cell anemia is what type of mutation?

A

missense mutation; Glu to Val

18
Q

types of mutations based on direction

A
  • forward
  • reverse
19
Q

what are the origins of mutation?

A
  • spontaneous
  • error-prone replication bypass
  • errors in DNA repair
  • induced
20
Q

what is spontaneous origin of mutation?

A

mutation due to molecular decay

21
Q

types of spontaneous origin of mutation

A
  • tautomerism
  • depurination
  • deamination
  • slipped strand mispairing
22
Q

what is tautomerism?

A

base change due to repositioning of H

23
Q

what is depurination?

A

hydrolysis of a purine (A or G)

24
Q

what is deamination?

A

removal of amine group in C or A, resulting in U or hypoxanthine, respectively

25
what is slipped strand mispairing?
denaturation of the new strand from replication then renaturation in a different spot
26
what is error-prone replication bypass?
an origin of mutation that allows the DNA replication machinery to replicate past DNA lesions
27
what is mutation caused by errors in DNA repair?
repair in double strands breaks in DNA that sometimes lead to errors
28
pathway involved in mutation caused by errors in DNA repair
non-homologous end joining pathway
29
what is induced origin of mutation?
mutation caused by mutagenic agent or environment
30
types of induced origin of mutation
- non-ionizing radiation - ionizing radiation - chemicals
31
example of non-ionizing radiation?
UV light
32
describe ionizing radiation as origin of mutation
results in deletions or insertions in DNA
33
examples of chemicals that cause mutations
- base analogs - intercalating agents - alkylating agents - oxygen radicals
34
different repair mechanisms for mutations
- photoreactivation - excision repair - mismatch repair - SOS repair
35
what is photoreactivation repair mechanism?
removal of damaged DNA by light-dependent enzyme
36
gene that encodes the enzyme that removes the damaged DNA via photoreactivation
phr gene
37
what is excision repair?
excision of damaged part
38
enzyme involved in excision repair
DNA pol I
39
what is SOS repair?
allows DNA replication to bypass lesions or errors in the DNA
40
these are the regions in the genome that are more prone to mutations than others
hotspots
41
what is pseudogene?
resembles functional genes but contain defects that prevent it from being expressed
42